External

ENVS C100: Environmental Science

An introduction to environmental science through an examination of society's use of soil, water, mineral, and energy resources, and the environmental consequences of resource exploitation. This course examines human population growth and sustainable management of biodiversity and natural resources by applying the scientific method of hypothesis testing to understand the implications of human activities within the global ecosystem.

Biology

Author: Tanya Hoerer
Publisher: Coastline College
Source: LibreTexts
Language: EN
Category: Basic Sciences

Read online Download PDF (open licence)

Contents· 643 sections

01: Introduction
1.01: Environmental Science Preface
1.02: What Is Science and How Does It Work
1.2.01: What is Science
1.2.02: The Scientific Method
1.2.03: Scientific Papers
1.2.04: Basic and Applied Science
1.2.05: Data Dive- Tonsillectomy Trends
1.2.06: Review
1.03: Math Blast- An Overview of Essential Mathematics Used in Science
1.3.01: Getting down the basics- What are the essential mathematical and statistical terms and concepts
1.3.02: Summarizing the data- Descriptive statistics
1.3.03: Putting it all together- Inferential statistics and hypothesis testing
1.3.04: Data Dive- California Wildfires
1.3.05: Review
02: Environmental Chemistry
2.01: Geochemistry (Lower)
2.1.01: The Earth and its Lithosphere
2.1.1.01: Composition and Structure of the Earth
2.1.1.02: Origin of the Elements
2.1.1.03: Formation and evolution of the Earth
2.1.1.04: The Earth's crust
2.1.02: The Hydrosphere
2.1.2.01: Water Water Everywhere...
2.1.2.02: The hydrosphere and the oceans
2.1.2.03: Chemistry and geochemistry of the oceans
2.1.2.04: Chemical budgets of oceanic elements
2.1.03: The Atmosphere
2.1.3.01: Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere
2.1.3.02: Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere
2.1.04: The Biosphere
2.1.4.01: Chemistry and Energetics of the Life Process
2.1.4.02: Biogeochemical Evolution
2.1.4.03: Gaia - Bioregulation of the Environment
2.02: Supplemental Modules (Environmental Chemistry)
2.2.01: Acid Rain
2.2.1.01: Acid Rain
2.2.1.02: Acid Rain Transport
2.2.1.03: Acid Snow
2.2.1.04: Electricity Generation
2.2.1.05: Playground 1
2.2.1.06: Sources of Nitrogen Oxides
2.2.1.07: Sources of Sulfur Oxides
2.2.02: Aquatic Chemistry
2.2.2.01: 1. Acid-Base Chemistry of Natural Aquatic Systems
2.2.2.02: 2. Carbonate Equilibria in Natural Waters
2.2.2.03: 3. Redox Equilibria in Natural Waters
2.2.2.04: 4. Solids in Contact With Natural Waters
2.2.2.05: Fundamental Characteristics of Water
2.2.2.06: Natural Water
2.2.2.07: Water Biology
2.2.2.08: Water Chemistry
2.2.2.09: Water Physics
2.2.2.10: Water Treatment
2.2.03: Atmospheric Chemistry
2.2.3.01: Atmosphere
2.2.3.02: Carbon Cycle
2.2.3.03: Carbon Oxides
2.2.3.04: Ozone
2.2.3.05: Photosynthesis
2.2.04: Biochemical Cycles
2.2.4.01: Biochemical Cycles
2.2.4.02: Carbon Cycle
2.2.4.03: Nitrogen Cycle
2.03: Environmental Toxicology (van Gestel et al.)
2.3.01: Environmental Toxicology
2.3.1.01: Environmental toxicology
2.3.1.02: DPSIR
2.3.1.03: Short history
2.3.02: Environmental Chemistry Chemicals
2.3.2.01: Introduction
2.3.2.02: Pollutants with specific properties
2.3.2.03: Pollutants with specific use
2.3.03: Environmental Chemistry - From Fate to Exposure
2.3.3.01: Environmental compartments
2.3.3.02: Sources of chemicals
2.3.3.03: Pathways and processes determining chemical fate
2.3.3.04: Partitioning and Partitioning Constants
2.3.3.05: Metal Speciation
2.3.04: Toxicology
2.3.4.01: Toxicokinetics
2.3.4.02: Toxicodynamics and Molecular Interactions
2.3.4.03: Toxicity Testing
2.3.4.04: Increasing ecological realism in toxicity testing
2.3.4.05: Availability and bioavailability
2.3.4.06: Degradation
2.3.4.07: Modelling exposure
2.3.4.08: Section 4.1. Toxicokinetics
2.3.4.09: Section 4.4. Increasing ecological realism in toxicity testing
2.3.4.10: Section 4.2. Toxicodynamics and Molecular Interactions
2.3.4.11: Section 4.3. Toxicity testing
2.3.05: Population Community and Ecosystem Ecotoxicology
2.3.5.01: Introduction- Linking population community and ecosystem responses
2.3.5.02: Population ecotoxicology in laboratory settings
2.3.5.03: Wildlife population ecotoxicology
2.3.5.04: Trait-based approaches
2.3.5.05: Population models
2.3.5.06: Metapopulations
2.3.5.07: Community ecotoxicology
2.3.5.08: Structure versus function incl. ecosystem services
2.3.5.09: Landscape ecotoxicology
2.3.06: Risk Assessment and Regulation
2.3.6.01: Introduction - The Essence of Risk Assessment
2.3.6.02: Ecosystem services and protection goals
2.3.6.03: Predictive risk assessment approaches and tools
2.3.6.04: Diagnostic risk assessment approaches and tools
2.3.6.05: Regulatory Frameworks
2.3.6.06: Risk management and risk communication
2.3.6.07: Risk perception
2.04: Key Elements of Green Chemistry (Lucia)
2.4.01: Key Elements of Green Chemistry
2.4.1.01: Introduction to Green Chemistry
2.4.1.02: Green Chemistry Concepts
2.4.1.03: Case Study
2.4.1.04: Conclusions and Review
2.4.02: Life-Cycle Analysis
2.4.2.01: Introduction to Life Cycles
2.4.2.02: LCA LCIA Concepts
2.4.2.03: Conclusions and Review
2.4.03: Hazards
2.4.3.01: Introduction to Hazards of Chemistry
2.4.3.02: Hazard Concepts
2.4.3.03: Case Study - Badger Army Ammunition Plant
2.4.3.04: Green Technologies for Safer Chemical Production
2.4.3.05: Conclusions and Review Questions
2.4.04: Alternative Solvents
2.4.4.01: Introduction to Solvents
2.4.4.02: Solvent Concepts
2.4.4.03: Solvent Alternatives
2.4.4.04: Conclusions and Review
2.4.05: Alternative Reagants
2.4.5.01: Introduction to Reagants
2.4.5.02: Reagant Concepts
2.4.5.03: Specific Replacements
2.4.5.04: Conclusions and Review
2.4.06: Reaction Types Design and Efficiency
2.4.6.01: Introduction to Reactions
2.4.6.02: Reaction Concepts
2.4.6.03: Reaction Design Concepts
2.4.6.04: Conclusions and Review
2.05: Green Chemistry and the Ten Commandments of Sustainability (Manahan)
2.5.01: Sustainability and the Environment
2.5.1.01: Sustainability
2.5.1.02: The Environment and the Five Environmental Sphere
2.5.1.03: Seeing Green
2.5.1.04: Natural Capital of the Earth
2.5.1.05: Sustainability as a Group Effort- It Takes a (Very Big) Village
2.5.1.06: Sustainable Energy- Away from the Sun and Back Again
2.5.1.07: Green Science
2.5.1.08: Green Technology
2.5.1.09: Sustainability and the Eco-Economy
2.5.1.10: Green Products and Services- Design for Sustainability
2.5.1.11: Questions and Problems
2.5.02: The Key Role of Chemistry and Making Chemistry Green
2.5.2.01: Chemistry is Good (and Unavoidable)
2.5.2.02: The Environment and its Chemistry
2.5.2.03: What is Environmental Chemistry
2.5.2.04: Environmental Pollution
2.5.2.05: Practice of Green Chemistry
2.5.2.06: Green Chemistry and Synthetic Chemistry
2.5.2.07: Reduction of Risk- Hazard and Exposure
2.5.2.08: The Risks of No Risks
2.5.2.09: Waste Prevention
2.5.2.10: Basic Principles of Green Chemistry
2.5.2.11: Some Things to Know About Chemistry before You Even Start
2.5.2.12: Combining Atoms to Make Molecules and Compounds
2.5.2.13: The process of making and breaking chemical bonds- chemical reactions
2.5.2.14: The Nature of Matter and States of Matter
2.5.2.15: References and Questions
2.5.03: The Elements - Basic Building Blocks of Green Chemicals
2.5.3.01: Elements Atoms and Atomic Theory
2.5.3.02: Hydrogen - The Simplest Atom
2.5.3.03: Helium - The First Noble Gas
2.5.3.04: Lithium The First Metal
2.5.3.05: The Second Period of the Periodic Table
2.5.3.06: The Magic Octet of 8 Outer-Shell Electrons
2.5.3.07: Completing the 20-Element Periodic Table
2.5.3.08: The Brief Periodic Table is Complete
2.5.3.E: The Elements - Basic Building Blocks of Green Chemicals (Exercises)
2.5.3.R: References
2.5.04: Compounds- Safer Materials for a Safer World
2.5.4.01: Chemical Bonds and Compound Formation
2.5.4.02: Electrons Involved in Chemical Bonds and Octets of Electrons
2.5.4.03: Sodium Chloride and Ionic Bonds
2.5.4.04: Covalent Bonds in H2 and Other Molecules
2.5.4.05: Covalent Bonds in Compounds
2.5.4.06: Covalent Bonds and Green Chemistry
2.5.4.07: Predicting Formulas of Covalently Bound Compounds
2.5.4.08: Chemical Formulas the Mole and Percentage Composition
2.5.4.09: What Are Chemical Compounds Called
2.5.4.10: Acids Bases and Salts
2.5.4.11: Questions and Problems
2.5.05: Chemical Reactions- Making Materials Safely and Sustainable
2.5.5.01: Describing What Happens with Chemical Equations
2.5.5.02: Balancing Chemical Equations
2.5.5.03: Just Because You Can Write It Doesn't Mean That It Will Happen
2.5.5.04: Yield And Atom Economy in Chemical Reactions
2.5.5.05: Catalysts That Make Reactions Go
2.5.5.06: Kinds of Chemical Reactions
2.5.5.07: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Green Chemistry
2.5.5.08: Quantitative Information from Chemical Reactions
2.5.5.09: Energy in Chemical Reactions
2.5.5.10: Stoichiometry by the Mole Ratio Method
2.5.5.11: Limiting Reactant and Percent Yield
2.5.5.12: Titrations - Measuring Moles by Volume of Solution
2.5.5.13: Industrial Chemical Reactions - The Solvay Process
2.5.5.14: Questions and Problems
2.5.06: The Wonderful World of Carbon - Organic Chemistry and Biochemicals
2.5.6.01: Rings and Chains of Carbon Atoms
2.5.6.02: Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen - Hydrocarbons
2.5.6.03: Using Lines To Show Organic Structural Formulas
2.5.6.04: Functional Groups
2.5.6.05: Giant Molecules from Small Organic Molecules
2.5.6.06: Questions and Problems
2.5.6.07: Supplementary References
2.5.07: Chemistry of Life and Green Chemistry
2.5.7.01: Green Biochemistry
2.5.7.02: Biochemistry and the Cells
2.5.7.03: Carbohydrates
2.5.7.04: Proteins
2.5.7.05: Lipids - Fats Oils and Hormones
2.5.7.06: Nucleic Acids
2.5.7.07: Enzymes
2.5.7.08: Biochemical Processes in Metabolism
2.5.7.09: Biochemistry of Toxic Substances and Toxicological Chemistry
2.5.7.10: Literature Cited
2.5.7.11: Questions and Problems
2.5.7.12: Supplementary References
2.5.08: The Five Environmental Spheres and Biogeochemical Cycle
2.5.8.01: Five Environmental Spheres
2.5.8.02: The Hydrosphere
2.5.8.03: The Atmosphere
2.5.8.04: The Geosphere
2.5.8.05: The Biosphere
2.5.8.06: The Anthrosphere
2.5.8.07: Cycles of Matter
2.5.8.08: Questions and Problems
2.5.8.09: Supplementary References
2.5.09: Water - the Ultimate Green Substance
2.5.9.01: HO - Simple Formula Remarkable Molecule
2.5.9.02: Occurrence Availability and Utilization of Water on Earth
2.5.9.03: Water Chemistry
2.5.9.04: Water Pollution
2.5.9.05: Greening of Water - Purification Before Use
2.5.9.06: Wastewater Treatment
2.5.9.07: Advanced Wastewater Treatment and Recycling
2.5.9.08: The Many Uses of Water
2.5.9.09: Hot Water - Pressurized Subcritical Water
2.5.9.10: Supercritical Water
2.5.9.11: Literature Cited
2.5.9.12: Questions and Problems
2.5.9.13: Supplementary References
2.5.10: Blue Skies for a Green Environment
2.5.10.01: More Than Just Air to Breathe
2.5.10.02: The Gas Laws
2.5.10.03: The Protective Atmosphere
2.5.10.04: Atmospheric Chemistry and Photochemical Reactions
2.5.10.05: The Enormous Importance of Climate
2.5.10.06: Atmospheric Particle Pollutants
2.5.10.07: Pollutant Gaseous Oxides
2.5.10.08: Acid Rain
2.5.10.09: Miscellaneous Gases in the Atmosphere
2.5.10.10: Photochemical Smog
2.5.10.11: Natural Capital of the Atmosphere
2.5.10.12: Energy and Mass Transfer in the Atmosphere
2.5.10.13: Questions and Problems
2.5.10.14: Supplementary References
2.5.11: The Geosphere and a Green Earth
2.5.11.01: Probing Deep into the Geosphere - A Well Too Far
2.5.11.02: The Nature of the Geosphere
2.5.11.03: The Geosphere as a Source of Natural Capital
2.5.11.04: Environmental Hazards of the Geosphere
2.5.11.05: Water on and in the Geosphere
2.5.11.06: Anthrospheric Influences on the Geosphere
2.5.11.07: The Geosphere as a Waste Repository
2.5.11.08: Have You Thanked a Clod Today
2.5.11.09: Plant Nutrients and Fertilizers in Soil
2.5.11.10: Soil and Plants Related To Wastes and Pollutants
2.5.11.11: Soil Loss - Desertification and Deforestation
2.5.11.12: Literature Cited and Supplementary References
2.5.11.13: Questions and Problems
2.5.12: The Biosphere and the Role of Green Chemistry in Feeding a Hungry World
2.5.12.01: Pigweeds Revenge
2.5.12.02: The Biosphere
2.5.12.03: Cells - Basic Units of Life
2.5.12.04: Metabolism and Control in Organisms
2.5.12.05: Reproduction and Inherited Traits
2.5.12.06: Stability and Equilibrium of the Biosphere
2.5.12.07: DNA and the Human Genome
2.5.12.08: Genetic Engineering
2.5.12.09: Biological Interaction with Environmental Chemicals
2.5.12.10: Biodegradation
2.5.12.11: Production of Food and Fiber by the Biosphere - Agriculture
2.5.12.12: Agricultural Applications of Genetically Modified Organisms
2.5.12.13: The Anthrosphere in Support of the Biosphere
2.5.12.14: Livestock and their Wastes
2.5.12.15: Questions and Problems
2.5.12.16: Supplementary References
2.5.13: The Anthrosphere Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry
2.5.13.01: Industrial Ecology and Industrial Ecosystems
2.5.13.02: Metabolic Processes in Industrial Ecosystems
2.5.13.03: Life Cycles in Industrial Ecosystems
2.5.13.04: Kinds of Products
2.5.13.05: Attributes Required by an Industrial Ecosystem
2.5.13.06: The Kalundborg Industrial Ecosystem
2.5.13.07: Environmental Impacts of Industrial Ecosystems
2.5.13.08: Green Chemistry and Industrial Ecology
2.5.13.09: Predicting and Reducing Hazards
2.5.13.10: The E-Factor in Green Chemistry
2.5.13.11: Catalysts and Catalysis
2.5.13.12: Biocatalysis with Enzymes
2.5.13.13: Energizing Chemical Reactions and Process Intensification
2.5.13.14: Solvents and Alternate Reaction Media
2.5.13.15: Feedstocks and Reagents
2.5.13.16: Literature Cited and Supplementary References
2.5.13.17: Questions and Problems
2.5.14: Feeding the Anthrosphere- Utilizing Renewable and Biological Materials
2.5.14.01: Feeding the Anthrosphere
2.5.14.02: Utilization of Feedstocks
2.5.14.03: Biological Feedstocks
2.5.14.04: Biological Sources of Chemicals
2.5.14.05: Biorefineries and Biomass Utilization
2.5.14.06: Monosaccharide Feedstocks - Glucose Fructose and Xylose
2.5.14.07: Cellulose
2.5.14.08: Feedstocks from Cellulose Wastes
2.5.14.09: Lignin
2.5.14.10: Direct Biosynthesis of Polymers
2.5.14.11: Bioconversion Processes for Synthetic Chemicals
2.5.14.12: Bamboo - Ancient Material for the Future
2.5.14.13: Literature Cited
2.5.14.14: Questions and Problems
2.5.15: Sustainable Energy- The Essential Basis of Green Systems
2.5.15.01: Sustainability and Energy
2.5.15.02: What is Energy
2.5.15.03: Radiant Energy from the Sun
2.5.15.04: Sources of Energy Used in the Anthrosphere
2.5.15.05: Conversions Between Forms of Energy
2.5.15.06: Green Technology for Energy Conversion
2.5.15.07: Energy Conservation
2.5.15.08: Depletable Fossil Fuels
2.5.15.09: Carbon Sequestration for Fossil Fuel Utilization
2.5.15.10: Nuclear Energy
2.5.15.11: Renewable Energy Sources - Solar Energy
2.5.15.12: Energy from Wind and Water
2.5.15.13: Biomass Energy
2.5.15.14: Geothermal Energy
2.5.15.15: Hydrogen for Energy Storage and Utilization
2.5.15.16: Literature Cited and Supplementary References
2.5.15.17: Questions and Problems
2.5.16: Terrorism Toxicity and Vulnerability- Green Chemistry and Technology in Defense of Human Welfare
2.5.16.01: Vulnerability to Terrorist Attack
2.5.16.02: Protecting the Anthrosphere
2.5.16.03: Substances That Explode Burn or React Violently
2.5.16.04: Toxic Substances and Toxicology
2.5.16.05: Toxic Chemical Attack
2.5.16.06: Protecting Water Food and Air
2.5.16.07: Detecting Hazards
2.5.16.08: Green Chemistry to Combat Terrorism
2.5.16.09: Green Chemistry for Sustainable Prosperity and a Safer World
2.5.16.10: Green Chemistry to Combat Terrorism
2.5.16.11: Green Chemistry for Sustainable Prosperity and and a Safer World
2.5.16.12: Literature Cited
2.5.16.13: Questions and Problems
2.5.17: The Ten Commandments of Sustainability and Sensible Measure
2.5.17.01: We Cannot Go on Like This
2.5.17.02: The First Commandment
2.5.17.03: The Second Commandment
2.5.17.04: The Third Commandment
2.5.17.05: The Fourth Commandment
2.5.17.06: The Fifth Commandment
2.5.17.07: The Sixth Commandment
2.5.17.08: The Seventh Commandment
2.5.17.09: The Ninth Commandment
2.5.17.10: The Tenth Commandment
2.5.17.11: Some Sensible Measures for Sustainability
2.5.17.12: The Eighth Commandment
2.5.17.13: Literature Cited
2.5.17.14: Questions and Problems
2.5.17.15: Supplementary References
2.06: Toxicology MSDT
2.6.01: Pathophysiology
2.6.1.01: What is Pathophysiology
2.6.1.02: Outcomes of Targeted and Non-Targeted Toxicity
2.6.1.03: Cellular Response to Toxicant-Induced Injury
2.6.1.04: Repair and Adaptation
2.6.1.05: Patterns of Toxic Injury
2.6.1.06: Final Evaluation
2.6.02: Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics
2.6.2.01: Introduction to Biomolecules and Cell Components
2.6.2.02: Cell Structure and Subcellular Compartments
2.6.2.03: DNA and RNA Metabolism
2.6.2.04: Epigenetic Mechanisms
2.6.2.05: Section 2 Final Evaluation
2.6.03: Principles of Genetic Toxicology
2.6.3.01: Introduction to Genetic-toxicology Assay
2.6.3.02: Different Genetic Damages or Mutations
2.6.3.03: Different Genetic-Toxicology Assays
2.6.3.04: Different Cytotoxicity Assays
2.6.3.05: Epigenetics Assay
2.6.3.06: Section 3 Final Evaluation
2.6.04: Applied Systems Toxicology
2.6.4.01: Systems Toxicology
2.6.4.02: Dose Level and Applied Toxicology
2.6.4.03: Tools and Technologies in Systems Toxicology
2.6.4.04: Other Approaches for Predictive Toxicity Modeling
2.6.4.05: Technologies Used In Systems Biology Toxicology
2.6.4.06: Takeaways Summary
2.6.4.07: Section 4 Final Evaluation
2.6.05: Regulatory Toxicology
2.6.5.01: Introduction to Regulatory Toxicology
2.6.5.02: Global Regulatory Toxicology
2.6.5.03: Topic 3- Regional Regulatory Toxicology
2.6.5.04: National Regulatory Toxicology
2.6.5.05: State Regulatory Toxicology
2.6.5.06: Non-Governmental Regulatory Toxicology
2.6.5.07: Section 5 Final Evaluation
2.6.06: Principles of Toxicology
2.6.6.01: Introduction to Toxicology
2.6.6.1.01: What is toxicology
2.6.6.1.02: Basic Terminology
2.6.6.02: Dose and Dose Response
2.6.6.2.01: Dose and It's Impact on Toxicity
2.6.6.2.02: The Dose Response Relationship
2.6.6.2.03: Dose Estimates of Toxic Effects
2.6.6.2.04: Determining the Safety of a Drug
2.6.6.2.05: NOAEL and LOAEL
2.6.6.03: Toxic Effects
2.6.6.3.01: Types of Toxic Effects
2.6.6.3.02: Factors Affecting Toxicity
2.6.6.3.03: Systemic Toxic Effects
2.6.6.3.04: Organ Specific Toxic Effects
2.6.6.04: Interactions
2.6.6.4.01: Interactions
2.6.6.05: Toxicity Testing Methods
2.6.6.5.01: Testing and Assessing Toxicity
2.6.6.5.02: Clinical Investigations and Other Types of Human Data
2.6.6.5.03: Epidemiology Studies
2.6.6.06: Risk Assessment
2.6.6.6.01: Risk Assessment
2.6.6.6.02: Hazard Identification
2.6.6.6.03: Dose-Response Assessment
2.6.6.6.04: Exposure Assessment
2.6.6.6.05: Risk Characterization
2.6.6.07: Exposure Standards and Guidelines
2.6.6.7.01: Exposure Standards and Guidelines
2.6.6.7.02: Regulation of Consumer Products and Drug Safety
2.6.6.7.03: Environmental Exposure Standards Guidelines
2.6.6.7.04: Occupational (Workplace) Exposure Standards Guidelines Approaches
2.6.6.08: Basic Physiology
2.6.6.8.01: Introduction to Basic Physiology
2.6.6.8.02: Homeostasis
2.6.6.8.03: Organs and Organ Systems
2.6.6.8.04: Tissues
2.6.6.8.05: Cells
2.6.6.8.06: Chemicals
2.6.6.09: Introduction to Toxicokinetics
2.6.6.9.01: What is Toxicokinetics
2.6.6.10: Absorption
2.6.6.10.01: Introduction to Absorption
2.6.6.10.02: Gastrointestinal Tract
2.6.6.10.03: Respiratory Tract
2.6.6.10.04: Dermal Route
2.6.6.10.05: Other Routes of Exposure
2.6.6.11: Distribution
2.6.6.11.01: Introduction to Distribution
2.6.6.11.02: Influence of Route of Exposure
2.6.6.11.03: Disposition Models
2.6.6.11.04: Structural Barriers to Distribution
2.6.6.11.05: Storage Sites
2.6.6.12: Biotransformation
2.6.6.12.01: Introduction to Biotransformation
2.6.6.12.02: Chemical Reactions
2.6.6.12.03: Biotransformation Sites
2.6.6.12.04: Modifiers of Biotransformation
2.6.6.13: Excretion
2.6.6.13.01: Introduction to Secretion
2.6.6.13.02: Urinary Excretion
2.6.6.13.03: Fecal Excretion
2.6.6.13.04: Exhaled Air
2.6.6.13.05: Other Routes
2.6.6.14: Cellular Toxicology
2.6.6.14.01: Adaptation
2.6.6.14.02: Cell Damage and Tissue Repair
2.6.6.14.03: Cancer
2.6.6.14.04: Neurotoxicity
2.6.6.15: Intuitive Toxicology and Risk Communication
2.6.6.15.01: Intuitive Toxicology
2.6.6.15.02: Risk Communication
2.6.6.16: Environmental Toxicology Environmental Health and One Health
2.6.6.16.01: Environmental Toxicology
2.6.6.16.02: Environmental Health
2.6.6.16.03: One Health
2.6.6.17: Conclusion
03: Ecology
3.01: Ecology Overview
3.02: Populations
3.2.01: Population Dispersion
3.2.02: Population Size
3.2.03: Population Growth and Regulation
3.2.04: Life History
3.2.05: Data Dive- Wildlife Corridors
3.2.06: Review
3.03: Communities
3.3.01: Biotic Interactions
3.3.1.01: Trophic Interactions
3.3.1.1.01: Predation
3.3.1.1.02: Herbivory
3.3.1.1.03: Parasitism
3.3.1.1.04: Food Chains and Food Webs
3.3.1.02: Competition
3.3.1.03: Facilitation
3.3.1.04: Symbiosis
3.3.02: Community Structure and Dynamics
3.3.03: Data Dive- Bison Impacts In Prairies
3.3.04: Review
3.04: Ecosystems
3.4.01: Ecosystem Types and Dynamics
3.4.02: Matter
3.4.03: Biogeochemical Cycles
3.4.04: Soils
3.4.05: Soil Degradation
3.4.06: Data Dive- Beaver Impacts on Wetlands
3.4.07: Review
3.05: Biomes
3.5.01: Climate and Biomes
3.5.02: Terrestrial Biomes
3.5.03: Aquatic Biomes
3.5.04: Data Dive- Biome Carbon Storage
3.5.05: Review
04: Conservation
4.01: The Value of Biodiversity
4.1.01: Ecosystem Diversity
4.1.02: Species Diversity
4.1.03: Genetic Diversity
4.1.04: Patterns of Biodiversity
4.1.05: Data Dive- Biodiversity and Drugs
4.1.06: Review
4.02: Threats to Biodiversity
4.2.01: Extinction
4.2.02: Measures of Biodiversity Loss
4.2.03: Habitat Loss
4.2.04: Overexploitation
4.2.05: Pollution
4.2.06: Invasive Species
4.2.07: Climate Change
4.2.08: Data Dive- Threats to Biodiversity
4.2.09: Review
4.03: Protecting Biodiveristy
4.3.01: Policies
4.3.02: Non-profit Organizations
4.3.03: Species-level Conservation
4.3.04: Protected Areas
4.3.05: Ecosystem Restoration
4.3.06: Economic Influences on Conservation
4.3.07: Individual Choices
4.3.08: Data Dive- Island Fox Populations
4.3.09: Review
05: Humans and the Environment
5.01: The Human Population
5.1.01: History of Human Population Growth
5.1.02: The Rate of Human Population Growth
5.1.03: Looking Ahead
5.1.04: Data Dive- World Population Densities
5.1.05: Review
5.02: Water Resources
5.2.01: Fresh Water Supply and the Water Cycle
5.2.02: Water Usage
5.2.03: Water Scarcity and Solutions
5.2.04: Data Dive- Aqueducts of Rome
5.2.05: Review
5.03: Agriculture
5.3.01: Food Security
5.3.02: Industrial Agriculture
5.3.03: Selective Breeding and Genetic Engineering
5.3.04: Sustainable Agriculture
5.3.05: Data Dive- Landslides and Ag Terraces
5.3.06: Review
5.04: Environmental Health
5.4.01: Types of Environmental Hazards
5.4.02: Epidemiology
5.4.03: Infectious Diseases
5.4.04: Environmental Toxicology
5.4.05: Environmental Hazard Reduction
5.4.06: Data Dive- Cholera Cases Worldwide
5.4.07: Review
06: Energy
6.01: Fossil Fuels
6.1.01: Types of Fossil Fuels and Formation
6.1.02: Mining Processing and Generating Electricity
6.1.03: Fossil Fuel Consumption
6.1.04: Consequences of Fossil Fuels
6.1.05: Data Dive- Global Fossil Fuel Consumption
6.1.06: Review
6.02: Nuclear Energy
6.2.01: Radioactive Isotopes
6.2.02: Generating Electricity with Nuclear Energy
6.2.03: Nuclear Energy Consumption
6.2.04: Consequences of Nuclear Energy
6.2.05: Data Dive- Global Nuclear Power Generation
6.2.06: Review
6.03: Renewable Energy
6.3.01: Renewable Energy History and Consumption
6.3.02: Wind Energy
6.3.03: Solar Energy
6.3.04: Geothermal Energy
6.3.05: Hydropower
6.3.06: Biofuels (Biomass Energy)
6.3.07: Energy Conservation
6.3.08: Data Dive- Global Renewable Energy Generation
6.3.09: Review
07: Environmental Impacts
7.01: Solid Waste Management
7.1.01: Waste Generation
7.1.02: Waste Disposal
7.1.03: Solid Waste and Marine Life
7.1.04: Waste Reduction
7.1.05: Data Dive- Flushable Wipes
7.1.06: Review
7.02: Pollution
7.2.01: Water Pollution
7.2.1.01: Water Pollutants and Their Sources
7.2.1.02: Water Treatment
7.2.1.03: Mitigating Water Pollution
7.2.02: Air Pollution
7.2.2.01: Ozone Depletion
7.2.2.02: Acid Deposition
7.2.03: Data Dive- Plastic in World Oceans
7.2.04: Review
7.03: Climate Change
7.3.01: The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change
7.3.02: Data Dive- Flooding in Venice Italy
7.3.03: Review
08: Sustainability
8.01: Introduction to Sustainability
8.02: History of Sustainability
8.03: Environmental Ethics
8.3.01: Environmental Justice and Indigenous Struggles
8.3.02: Perspectives of the Environment
8.04: Environmental Policy
8.05: Sustainable Cities
8.06: Sustainability and the Future
8.07: Data Dive- Sustainable Investments
8.08: Review