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Intrumental Analysis

Instrumental analysis investigates the use of scientific instruments to study systems. Typical topics that are included within this area are spectroscopy, nuclear spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, crystallography, electrochemical analysis, thermal analysis, separations, and microscopy.

Analytical Chemistry Chemistry

Author: David Harvey
Publisher: DePauw University
Source: LibreTexts
License: CC BY-NC-SA
Language: EN
Category: Basic Sciences

Read online Download PDF (open licence)

Contents· 189 sections

01: Introduction
1.01: Classification of Analytical Methods
1.02: Types of Instrumental Methods
1.03: Instruments For Analysis
1.04: Selecting an Analytical Method
1.05: Calibration of Instrumental Methods
02: Electrical Components and Circuits
2.01: Basic Terminology and Laws of Electricity
2.02: Direct Current Circuits and Measurements
2.03: Alternating Current Circuits
2.04: Semiconductors
03: Operational Amplifiers in Chemical Instrumentation (TBD)
3.01: Properties of Operational Amplifiers
3.02: Operational Amplifier Circuits
3.03: Amplification and Measurement of Signals
3.04: Application of Operational Amplifiers to Mathematical Operations
04: Digital Electronics and Microcomputers (TBD)
4.01: Analog and Digital Signals
4.02: Working With Binary Numbers
4.03: Basic Digital Circuit Components
05: Signals and Noise (TBD)
5.01: The Signal-to-Noise Ratio
5.02: Sources of Noise
5.03: Signal-to-Noise Enhancement
06: An Introduction to Spectrophotometric Methods
6.01: General Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation
6.02: Wave Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation
6.03: Quantum Mechanical Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation
6.04: Spectra
6.05: Quantitative Considerations
07: Components of Optical Instruments
7.01: General Design of Optical Instruments
7.02: Sources of Radiation
7.03: Wavelength Selectors
7.04: Sample Containers
7.05: Radiation Transducers
7.06: Fiber Optics
7.07: Types of Optical Instruments
08: An Introduction to Optical Atomic Spectroscopy
8.01: Optical Atomic Spectra
8.02: Atomization Methods
8.03: Sample Introduction Methods
09: Atomic Absorption and Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry
9.01: Sample Atomization Techniques
9.02: Atomic Absorption Instrumentation
9.03: Interferences in Absorption Spectroscopy
9.04: Atomic Absorption Techniques
10: Atomic Emission Spectrometry
10.01: Emission Spectroscopy Based on Plasma Sources
10.02: Emission Spectroscopy Based on Arc and Spark Sources
11: Atomic Mass Spectrometry
11.01: General Features of Atomic Mass Spectrometry
11.02: Mass Spectrometers
11.03: Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer
11.04: Spark Source Mass Spectrometry
12: Atomic X-Ray Spectrometry
12.01: Fundamental Principles
12.02: Instrument Components
12.03: X-Ray Fluorescence
12.04: Other X-Ray Methods
13: Introduction to Ultraviolet Visible Absorption Spectrometry
13.01: Transmittance and Absorbance
13.02: Beer's Law
13.03: Effect of Noise on Transmittance and Absorbance Measurements
13.4: Instrumentation
14: Applications of Ultraviolet Visible Molecular Absorption Spectrometry
14.01: What is Molar Absorptivity
14.02: Absorbing Species
14.03: Qualitative Applications
14.04: Quantitative Applications
14.05: Photometric Titrations
15: Molecular Luminescence
15.01: Theory of Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
15.02: Instruments for Measuring Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
15.03: Applications and Photoluminescence methods
15.04: Chemiluminscence
15.05: Evaluation of Molecular Luminescence
16: An Introduction to Infrared Spectrometry
16.01: Theory of Infrared Absorption Spectrometry
16.02: Infrared Sources and Transducers
16.03: Infrared Instruments
17: Applications of Infrared Spectrometry
17.01: Mid-Infrared Absorption Spectometry
17.02: Mid-Infrared Reflection Spectrometry
17.03: Near Far IR
18: Raman Spectroscopy
18.01: Theory of Raman Spectroscopy
18.02: Instrumentation
18.03: Applications of Raman Spectroscopy
18.04: Other Types of Raman Spectroscopy
19: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
19.01: Theory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
19.02: Environmental Effects on NMR Spectra
19.03: NMR Spectrometers
19.04: Applications of Proton NMR
19.05: Carbon-13 NMR
19.06: Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform NMR
20: Molecular Mass Spectrometry
20.01: Molecular Mass Spectra
20.02: Ion Sources
20.03: Mass Spectrometers
20.04: Applications of Molecular Mass Spectrometry
21: Surface Characterization by Spectroscopy and Microscopy
21.01: Introduction to the Study of Surfaces
21.02: Spectroscopic Surface Methods
21.03: Scanning Electron Microscopy
21.04: Scanning Probe Microscopes
22: An Introduction to Electroanalytical Chemistry
22.01: Electrochemical Cells
22.02: Potentials in Electroanalytical Cells
22.03: Electrode Potentials
22.04: Calculation of Cell Potentials from Electrode Potentials
22.05: Currents in Electrochemical Cells
22.06: Types of Electroanalytical Methods
23: Potentiometry
23.01: Reference Electrodes
23.02: Metallic Indicator Electrodes
23.03: Membrane Indicator Electrodes
23.04: Molecular-Selective Electrode Systems
23.05: Instruments for Measuring Cell Potentials
23.06: Direct Potentiometric Measurements
24: Coulometry
24.01: Current-Voltage Relationships During an Electrolysis
24.02: An Introduction to Coulometric Methods of Analysis
24.03: Potentiostatic Coulometry
25: Voltammetry
25.01: Excitation Signals in Voltammetry
25.02: Voltammetric Instrumentation
25.03: Hydrodynamic Voltammetry
25.04: Cyclic Voltammetry
25.05: Polarography
25.06: Stripping Methods
25.07: Voltammetry with Ultramicroelectrodes
26: Introduction to Chromatographic Separations
26.01: A General Description of Chromatography
26.02: Migration Rates of Solutes
26.03: Zone Broadening and Column Efficiency
26.04: Optimization and Column Performance
26.05: Summary of Important Relationships for Chromatography
26.06: Applications of Chromatography
27: Gas Chromatography
27.01: Principles of Gas-Liquid Chromatography
27.02: Instruments for Gas-Liquid Chromatography
27.03: Gas Chromatographic Columns and Stationary Phases
27.04: Applications of Gas-Liquid Chromatography
28: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
28.01: Scope of HPLC
28.02: Column Efficiency in Liquid Chromatography
28.03: Instruments for Liquid Chromatography
28.04: Partition Chromatography
28.05: Adsorption Chromatography
28.06: Ion-Exchange Chromatography
28.07: Size-Exclusion Chromatography
29: Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
29.01: Properties of Supercritical Fluids
29.02: Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
30: Capillary Electrophoresis and Capillary Electrochromatography
30.01: An Overview of Electrophoresis
30.02: Capillary Electrophoresis
30.03: Applications of Capillary Electrophoresis
31: Thermal Methods
31.01: Thermogravimetric Methods
31.02: Differential Thermal Analysis
32: Radiochemical Methods
32.01: Radioactive Isotopes
32.02: Instrumentation
32.03: Neutron Activation Methods
32.04: Isotope Dilution Methods
33: Automated Methods of Analysis
33.01: Overview of Automated Methods of Analysis
33.02: Flow-Injection Analysis
33.03: Other Automated Methods of Analysis
34: Particle Size Determination
34.01: Overview
34.02: Measuring Particle Size Using Sieves
34.03: Measuring Particle Size by Sedimentation
34.04: Measuring Particle Size Using Image Analysis
34.05: Measuring Particle Size Using Light Scattering
35: Appendicies
35.01: Evaluation of Analytical Data
35.02: Single-Sided Normal Distribution
35.03: Critical Values for t-Test
35.04: Critical Values for F-Test
35.05: Critical Values for Dixon's Q-Test
35.06: Critical Values for Grubb's Test
35.07: Activity Coefficients
35.08: Standard and Formal Electrode Potentials
35.09: Recommended Primary Standards
35.10: Acronyms and Abbreviations