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Living With Earthquakes in The Pacific Northwest
In this expanded new edition of Living with Earthquakes, Robert Yeats, a leading authority on earthquakes in California and the Pacific Northwest, describes the threat posed by the Cascadia Subduction Zone, a great earthquake fault which runs for hundreds of miles offshore from British Columbia to northern California. New research reveals subtle movements on the deepest part of this fault every 14-15 months — building up strain toward the next major earthquake.
- Author
- Robert S. Yeats
- Publisher
- Oregon State University
- Source
- LibreTexts
- License
- CC BY-NC-SA
- Language
- EN
- Category
- Basic Sciences
Contents· 174 sections
- 01: Introduction
- 02: Part II- Tectonic Plates Geologic Time and Earthquakes
- 2.01: A Concept of Time
- 2.02: Plate Tectonics
- 2.03: Earthquakes in the Crust- Closer to Home
- 2.04: Memories of the Future- The Uncertain Art of Earthquake Forecasting
- 2.05: Earthquake Basics
- 2.06: Cascadia Subduction Zone
- 2.07: Earthquakes in the Juan de Fuca Plate
- 03: Part III- Shaky Ground and Big Waves
- 3.01: Solid Rock and Bowls of Jello
- 3.02: Tsunami!
- 04: Part IV- Prevention and Countermeasures
- 4.01: Earthquake Insurance- Betting Against Earthquakes
- 4.02: Is Your Home Ready for an Earthquake?
- 4.03: Earthquake Design of Large Structures
- 4.04: The Federal Government and Earthquakes
- 4.05: The Role of State and Local Government
- 4.06: Preparing for the Next Earthquake
- 4.07: An Uncertain Appointment with a Restless Earth
- 05: Tectonic Plates Geologic Time and Earthquakes
- 5.01: A Concept of Time
- 5.1.01: Timeline of the Earth
- 5.02: Plate Tectonics
- 5.2.01: The Earth’s Crust; Not Very Well Designed
- 5.2.02: Continents and Ocean Basins
- 5.2.03: The Dance of the Plates; We Know the Beat but Not the Tune
- 5.2.04: A Brief Thirty-Million-Year History of Western North America
- 5.03: Earthquake Basics
- 5.3.01: Introduction
- 5.3.02: Elastic Rocks; How They Bend and Break
- 5.3.03: A Classification of Faults
- 5.3.04: Paleoseismology, the Slip Rates and Earthquake Recurrence Intervals
- 5.3.05: What Happens During an Earthquake?
- 5.3.06: Measuring an Earthquake
- 5.3.07: Measuring Crustal Deformation Directly Using Tectonic Geodesy
- 5.3.08: Summary
- 5.3.09: Cascadia Earthquake Sources
- 5.04: Cascadia Subduction Zone
- 5.4.01: Discoveries Beneath the Sea
- 5.4.02: Earthquakes in the Estuaries
- 5.4.03: The Bad News
- 5.4.04: Instant of Catastrophe or Decade of Terror?
- 5.4.05: A Japanese Tsunami from Cascadia; A Detective Story
- 5.4.06: Native Americans Were Making Observations, After All
- 5.4.07: M 8 or M 9? Where Do We Stand?
- 5.4.08: Northern California; It’s Not the Same South of the Border
- 5.4.09: Recurrence Intervals and the Next Subduction Zone Earthquake
- 5.4.10: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes That Don’t Quake
- 5.4.11: Summary
- 5.05: Earthquakes in the Juan de Fuca Plate
- 5.5.01: Commotion in the Ocean
- 5.5.02: Offshore Transform Faults; The Northwest’s Answer to the San Andreas Fault
- 5.5.03: Slab Earthquakes in the Juan de Fuca Plate Beneath the Continent in the Puget Sound Region
- 5.5.04: Northern California
- 5.5.05: Discussion and Summary
- 5.06: Earthquakes in the Crust that are Closer to Home
- 5.6.01: Introduction
- 5.6.02: Drowned Forests, Raised Shorelines, and the Seattle Fault
- 5.6.03: Other Active Faults in the Puget Sound Region
- 5.6.04: Earthquakes and Cascade Volcanoes
- 5.6.05: The Portland Hills Fault
- 5.6.06: Earthquakes at the End of the Oregon Trail (Willamette Valley)
- 5.6.07: Southwest British Columbia
- 5.6.08: Eastern Washington and Northeastern Oregon
- 5.6.09: The Pasco Basin- Nuclear Wastes and Earthquakes
- 5.6.10: Basin and Range (The Klamath Falls Earthquakes of 1993)
- 5.6.11: Pacific Coast and Offshore
- 5.6.12: Summary
- 5.07: Memories of the Future; The Uncertain Art of Earthquake Forecasting
- 5.7.01: A Mix of Science and Astrology
- 5.7.02: Earthquake Forecasting by Scientists
- 5.7.03: Forecasts Instead of Predictions (The Parkfield Experiment)
- 5.7.04: The Seismic Gap Theory
- 5.7.05: Have the Chinese Found the Way to Predict Earthquakes?
- 5.7.06: A Strange Experience in Greece
- 5.7.07: Reducing Our Expectations (Forecasts Rather Than Predictions)
- 5.7.08: The Deterministic Method
- 5.7.09: Probabilistic Forecasting
- 5.7.10: Do Faults Talk To Each Other? (Earthquakes Triggered By Other Earthquakes)
- 5.7.11: Forecasting the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake—Close But No Cigar
- 5.7.12: The 1990 Probability Forecast
- 5.7.13: The 1999 Bay Area Forecast
- 5.7.14: “Predicting” an Earthquake After It Happens
- 5.7.15: What Lies Ahead
- 5.7.16: Why Do We Bother With All This?
- 06: Shaky Ground and Big Waves
- 6.01: Solid Rock and Bowls of Jello
- 6.1.01: Introduction
- 6.1.02: Amplification of Seismic Waves by Soft Surficial Deposits
- 6.1.03: When the Earth Turns to Soup (Liquefaction)
- 6.1.04: Landslides Generated by Earthquakes
- 6.1.05: Earthquake Hazard Maps of Metropolitan Areas
- 6.02: Tsunami
- 6.2.01: The Easter Weekend Tsunami of 1964
- 6.2.02: Other Tsunamis in the Pacific Northwest
- 6.2.03: Some Facts about Tsunamis
- 6.2.04: Tsunami Sounds
- 6.2.05: Tsunami Warning Systems
- 6.2.06: Tsunami Hazard Maps
- 6.2.07: Seiches
- 07: Prevention and Countermeasures
- 7.01: Earthquake Insurance (Betting Against Earthquakes)
- 7.1.01: Some Philosophical Issues
- 7.1.02: A Brief Primer on Insurance
- 7.1.03: Catastrophe Insurance
- 7.1.04: Government Intervention
- 7.1.05: The Nisqually Earthquake
- 7.1.06: What to Do if You Have an Earthquake Claim
- 7.1.07: Summary Statement and Questions for the Future
- 7.02: Is Your Home Ready for an Earthquake?
- 7.2.01: How Safe is Safe Enough?
- 7.2.02: Some Fundamentals—Inertia, Loads, and Ductility
- 7.2.03: Protecting Your Foundation
- 7.2.04: Soft-story Buildings
- 7.2.05: Utility Lines
- 7.2.06: Strapping the Water Heater and Other Heavy Appliances and Furniture
- 7.2.07: Safety Glasses
- 7.2.08: Cabinets
- 7.2.09: Bricks, Stonework, and Other Time Bombs
- 7.2.10: Propane Tanks
- 7.2.11: Connections
- 7.2.12: Mobile Homes and Manufactured Houses
- 7.2.13: Okay, So What Retrofitting Are You Really Going to Do?
- 7.03: Earthquake Design of Large Structures
- 7.3.01: Introduction
- 7.3.02: Seismic Retrofitting
- 7.3.03: Base Isolation
- 7.3.04: Special Problems
- 7.3.05: Bridges and Overpasses
- 7.3.06: Engineering Against Ground Displacement
- 7.3.07: Decisions, Decisions, and Triage
- 7.04: The Federal Government and Earthquakes
- 7.4.01: Introduction
- 7.4.02: Historical Background
- 7.4.03: The National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP)
- 7.4.04: Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
- 7.4.05: U.S. Geological Survey
- 7.4.06: National Science Foundation (NSF)
- 7.4.07: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- 7.4.08: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
- 7.4.09: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
- 7.4.10: Other Federal Agencies
- 7.4.11: The Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network
- 7.4.12: Role of the Canadian Government
- 7.4.13: Getting the Word Out to the Public
- 7.4.14: Summary and a Word about the Future
- 7.05: The Role of State and Local Government
- 7.5.01: Introduction
- 7.5.02: California
- 7.5.03: Oregon
- 7.5.04: Washington
- 7.5.05: British Columbia
- 7.5.06: Building Codes
- 7.5.07: Grading Ordinances and Regulation of Building Sites
- 7.5.08: Other State Agencies
- 7.5.09: Universities
- 7.5.10: Regional Organizations
- 7.5.11: A Final Word
- 7.06: Preparing for the Next Earthquake
- 7.6.01: Introduction
- 7.6.02: Getting Your Home Ready
- 7.6.03: Earthquake Preparedness Kit
- 7.6.04: Other Preparations
- 7.6.05: Neighborhood Plan
- 7.6.06: Your Child’s School and Other Buildings You Use
- 7.6.07: During the Earthquake
- 7.6.08: After the Earthquake
- 7.6.09: Aftershocks or a Foreshock?
- 7.6.10: Special Problems with Tsunamis
- 7.6.11: Psychological Issues
- 7.6.12: Leaders in Earthquake Mitigation; Are You Ready To Step Forward?
- 7.07: An Uncertain Appointment with a Restless Earth
- 7.7.01: Conclusion