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Cells: Molecules and Mechanisms

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Cells: Molecules and Mechanisms

This textbook was written for collegiate Cell and Molecular Biology courses and may be appropriate at both an introductory level and also as a resource for more advanced courses.

Biology
Author
E. V. Wong
Publisher
Axolotl Academica Publishing
Source
LibreTexts
License
CC BY-NC-SA
Language
EN
Category
Basic Sciences
Read online Download PDF (open licence)
Contents· 159 sections
  1. 01: Understanding Science and Thinking Scientifically
  2. 1.01: The Interconnectedness of Science
  3. 1.02: Models Hypotheses and Theories
  4. 1.03: Science is Social
  5. 1.04: Teaching and Learning Science
  6. 1.05: Understanding Scientific Ideas
  7. 02: Basic Cell Chemistry - Chemical Compounds and their Interactions
  8. 2.01: Water
  9. 2.02: Acids and Bases
  10. 2.03: Carbon
  11. 2.04: Sugars
  12. 2.05: Nucleotides
  13. 2.06: Amino Acids
  14. 2.07: Fatty Acids
  15. 2.7.01: Functional Groups
  16. 03: Functional Groups
  17. 04: Molecular Interactions Thermodynamics and Reaction Coupling
  18. 4.01: A very little thermodynamics
  19. 4.02: Reactions- favorable unfavorable and their dynamics
  20. 4.03: Thinking entropically (and thermodynamically)
  21. 4.04: Reaction rates
  22. 4.05: Coupling Reactions
  23. 4.06: Molecules London Dispersion Forces and van der Waals interactions
  24. 4.07: Covalent bonds
  25. 4.08: Bond Stability and Thermal Motion (a non-biological moment)
  26. 4.09: Bond polarity inter- and intramolecular interactions
  27. 4.10: The implications of bond polarity
  28. 4.11: Interacting with Water
  29. 4.12: Anatomy of a Cell - A Very Brief Overview
  30. 05: Bioenergetics - Thermodynamics and Enzymes
  31. 5.01: The Laws of Thermodynamics
  32. 5.02: Enzymes
  33. 5.03: Enzyme Kinetics
  34. 5.04: Regulation of Enzyme Activity
  35. 5.05: Peptide Bonds Polypeptides and Proteins
  36. 5.5.01: Polypeptide and protein structure basics
  37. 5.5.02: Amino acid polymers
  38. 5.5.03: Making a polypeptide in a bacterial cell
  39. 5.5.04: The origin of the genetic code
  40. 5.5.05: Regulating protein activity
  41. 5.5.06: Allosteric regulation
  42. 5.5.07: Post-translational regulation
  43. 5.5.08: Diseases of folding and misfolding
  44. 5.5.09: Why do harmful alleles persist
  45. 06: Protein Modification and Trafficking
  46. 6.01: Proteolytic Cleavage
  47. 6.02: Protein Trafficking
  48. 6.03: Protein Folding in the Endoplasmic Reticulum
  49. 6.04: N-linked Protein Glycosylation Begins in the ER
  50. 6.05: O-linked Protein Glycosylation Takes Place Entirely in the Golgi
  51. 6.06: Vesicular Transport
  52. 6.07: Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
  53. 07: Membrane Boundaries and Capturing Energy
  54. 7.01: Defining the Cells Boundary
  55. 7.02: The origin of biological membranes
  56. 7.03: Membranes - Structure Properties and Function
  57. 7.3.01: Membrane Structure and Composition
  58. 7.3.02: Membrane Permeability
  59. 7.3.03: Membrane Transport Proteins
  60. 7.3.04: The Action Potential in Neurons
  61. 7.04: Transport to and across the membrane
  62. 7.05: Cytoskeleton
  63. 7.5.01: Introduction to the Cytoskeleton
  64. 7.5.02: Intermediate Filaments
  65. 7.5.03: Actin Microfilaments
  66. 7.5.04: Microtubules
  67. 7.5.05: Microtubule Organizing Centers
  68. 7.5.06: Transport on the Cytoskeleton
  69. 7.5.07: Actin - Myosin Structures in Muscle
  70. 7.5.08: Cytoskeletal Dynamics
  71. 7.5.09: Cell Motility
  72. 7.5.10: Extracellular Matrix and Cell Adhesion
  73. 7.5.10.01: Introduction to Extracellular Matrix and Cell Adhesion
  74. 7.5.10.02: Collagen
  75. 7.5.10.03: Proteoglycans
  76. 7.5.10.04: Fibronectins
  77. 7.5.10.05: Laminins
  78. 7.5.10.06: Integrins
  79. 7.5.10.07: Hemidesmosomes
  80. 7.5.10.08: Dystrophin Glycoprotein Complex
  81. 7.5.10.09: Desmosomes
  82. 7.5.10.10: Cadherins
  83. 7.5.10.11: Tight Junctions
  84. 7.5.10.12: Ig Superfamily CAMs
  85. 7.5.10.13: Gap Junctions
  86. 7.06: Metabolism I Catabolic Reactions
  87. 7.6.01: Generating gradients- using coupled reactions and pumps
  88. 7.6.02: Using the energy stored in membrane gradients
  89. 7.6.03: Chemotrophs
  90. 7.6.04: Glycolysis
  91. 7.6.05: Fermentation
  92. 7.6.06: 5.3 The TCA Cycle
  93. 7.6.07: Oxidative Phosphorylation
  94. 7.6.08: Uncoupling Electron Transport from ATP Synthesis
  95. 7.6.09: Structure of Electron Carriers
  96. 7.6.10: 5.7 Starch and Glycogen Depolymerization
  97. 7.6.11: 5.8 Fatty Acid Breakdown
  98. 7.6.12: Amino Acid Degradation
  99. 08: Metabolism II Anabolic Reactions
  100. 8.01: Simple Phototrophs
  101. 8.02: Chemo-osmosis (an overview)
  102. 8.03: Oxygenic Photosynthesis
  103. 8.04: Photosynthesis
  104. 8.05: The Calvin Cycle
  105. 8.06: The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
  106. 8.07: Gluconeogenesis
  107. 8.08: Glycogen Synthesis
  108. 8.09: Fatty Acid Synthesis
  109. 8.10: Amino Acid Synthesis
  110. 09: Signal Transduction
  111. 9.01: Introduction to Signal Transduction
  112. 9.02: Receptors and Ligands
  113. 9.03: 7-TM receptors (G-protein-coupled)
  114. 9.04: Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
  115. 9.05: Calcium Ion Signaling
  116. 10: DNA
  117. 10.01: DNA Structure
  118. 10.02: Semi-Conservative DNA Replication
  119. 10.03: Prokaryotic Replication
  120. 10.04: Eukaryotic Replication
  121. 10.05: DNA Lesions
  122. 10.06: DNA Repair
  123. 10.07: Telomeres
  124. 11: Gene Regulation
  125. 11.01: Prokaryotic Transcriptional Regulation
  126. 11.02: Eukaryotic Transcriptional Regulation
  127. 12: Transcription
  128. 12.01: Introduction to Transcription
  129. 12.02: Prokaryotic Transcription
  130. 12.03: Eukaryotic Transcription
  131. 12.04: Post-Transcriptional Processing of RNA
  132. 13: Translation
  133. 13.01: Introduction to Ribosomes
  134. 13.02: Prokaryotic Ribosomes
  135. 13.03: Eukaryotic Ribosomes
  136. 13.04: The Genetic Code
  137. 13.05: tRNA are Rather Odd Ducks
  138. 13.06: Prokaryotic Translation
  139. 13.07: Eukaryotic Translation
  140. 13.08: Regulation of Translation
  141. 14: Cell Cycle
  142. 14.01: The Prokaryotic Cell Cycle
  143. 14.02: The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
  144. 14.03: Controlling the Cell Cycle
  145. 14.04: Activation and inactivation of the cyclin-cdk complex
  146. 14.05: Pre-mitotic Phases
  147. 14.06: Mitosis
  148. 14.07: Cell Death
  149. 14.08: Meiosis
  150. 15: Viruses Cancer and the Immune System
  151. 15.01: Viruses
  152. 15.02: Viral Life Cycles
  153. 15.03: Cancer
  154. 15.04: Oncogenes
  155. 15.05: Tumor Suppressor Genes
  156. 15.06: Human Cancers
  157. 15.07: Metastasis
  158. 15.08: The Immune System
  159. 15.09: DNA Rearrangement