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TLP Library I

Teaching and learning packages (TLPs) are self-contained, interactive resources, each focusing on one area of Materials Science.

Materials Science Engineering

Author: Dissemination of IT for the Promotion of Materials Science (DoITPoMS)
Publisher: University of Cambridge
Source: LibreTexts
License: CC BY-NC-SA
Language: EN
Category: Basic Sciences

Read online Download PDF (open licence)

Contents· 386 sections

01: Analysis of Deformation Processes
1.01: Introduction to Analysis of Deformation Processes
1.02: Levy-Mises Equations
1.03: Slip Line Field Theory
1.04: Work Formula Method
1.05: Limit Analysis
1.06: Finite Element Method
1.07: Hencky Relations
1.08: Deeper Questions
02: Introduction to Anisotropy
2.01: Introduction
2.02: Mechanical analogy of anisotropic response
2.03: Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity
2.04: Derivation of the anisotropy ellipsoid
2.05: Anisotropic electrical conductivity
2.06: Anisotropic diffusion
2.07: Anisotropic dielectric permittivity
2.08: Optical anisotropy and the optical indicatrix
2.09: Liquid crystals
2.10: Summary
2.11: Questions
03: Atomic Force Microscopy
3.01: Introduction
3.02: Tip Surface Interaction
3.03: Modes of Operation
3.04: The Scanner
3.05: Tip and Cantilever
3.06: Feedback
3.07: Scanner Related Artefacts
3.08: Tip Related Artefacts
3.09: Other Artefacts
3.10: Summary
3.11: Questions
04: Atomic Scale Structure of Materials
4.01: Introduction
4.02: Single crystals- Shape and anisotropy
4.03: Single crystals- Mechanical properties
4.04: Single crystals- Optical properties
4.05: Polycrystals
4.06: Defects
4.07: Summary
4.08: Questions
05: Avoidance of Crystallization in Biological Systems
5.01: Introduction
5.02: Nucleation and crystallization
5.03: The water-sucrose system
5.04: Avoidance of crystallization by glass formation
5.05: Avoidance of crystallization by freeze resistance
5.06: Summary
5.07: Questions
06: Batteries
6.01: Introduction
6.02: Basic principles
6.03: Thermodynamics and kinetics
6.04: Primary batteries
6.05: Zinc
6.5.01: Zinc
carbon batteries
6.06: Alkaline
6.6.01: Alkaline
manganese oxide batteries
6.07: Questions
6.08: Zinc
6.8.01: Zinc
silver oxide batteries
6.09: Secondary batteries
6.10: Lead
6.10.01: Lead
acid batteries
6.11: Lithium batteries
6.12: Battery characteristics
6.13: The future
07: Bending and Torsion of Beams
7.01: Introduction
7.02: Pole-vaulting
7.03: Section 3-
7.04: Section 4-
7.05: Section 5-
7.06: Section 6-
7.7: Springs
7.8: Plastic deformation during beam bending
7.9: Summary
7.a10: Questions
08: Brillouin Zones
8.01: Section 1-
8.02: Section 2-
8.03: Section 3-
8.04: Section 4-
8.05: Section 5-
8.06: Section 6-
8.7: Summary
8.8: Questions
09: Brittle Fracture
9.01: Section 1-
9.02: Section 2-
9.03: Section 3-
9.04: Section 4-
9.05: Section 5-
9.06: Section 6-
9.7: Another way of expressing the energies
9.8: Another way of calculating the energies
9.8: Why bother if they are the same
9.9: Coping with a scatter in strength
9.a10: When does the sample fail completely
9.a11: Sub-critical crack growth and R-curves
9.a12: Summary
9.a13: Questions
10: Casting
10.01: Section 1-
10.02: Section 2-
10.03: Section 3-
10.04: Section 4-
10.05: Section 5-
10.06: Section 6-
10.7: Continuous Casting
10.8: Investment Casting
10.9: Other Methods of Casting
10.a10: Summary
10.a11: Questions
11: Coating mechanics
11.01: Section 1-
11.02: Section 2-
11.03: Section 3-
11.04: Section 4-
11.05: Section 5-
11.06: Section 6-
11.7: Summary
11.8: Questions
12: Creep Deformation of Metals
12.01: Section 1-
12.02: Section 2-
12.03: Section 3-
12.04: Section 4-
12.05: Section 5-
12.06: Section 6-
12.7: Designing for Creep Resistance - Nickel Based Superalloys
12.8: Summary
12.9: Questions
13: Crystallinity in polymers
13.01: Section 1-
13.02: Section 2-
13.03: Section 3-
13.04: Section 4-
13.05: Section 5-
13.06: Section 6-
13.7: Questions
14: Crystallographic Texture
14.01: Section 1-
14.02: Section 2-
14.03: Section 3-
14.04: Section 4-
14.05: Section 5-
14.06: Section 6-
14.7: Questions
15: Crystallography
15.01: Section 1-
15.02: Section 2-
15.03: Section 3-
15.04: Section 4-
15.05: Section 5-
15.06: Section 6-
15.7: Symmetry
15.8: Combining symmetry
15.9: Crystal Systems
15.a10: Summary
15.a11: Questions
16: Deformation of honeycombs and foams
16.01: Section 1-
16.02: Section 2-
16.03: Section 3-
16.04: Section 4-
16.05: Section 5-
16.06: Section 6-
16.7: Porous Structures in Bending
16.8: Summary
16.9: Questions
17: Introduction to Deformation Processes
17.01: Section 1-
17.02: Section 2-
17.03: Section 3-
17.04: Section 4-
17.05: Section 5-
17.06: Section 6-
17.7: Summary
17.8: Questions
18: Dielectric materials
18.01: Section 1-
18.02: Section 2-
18.03: Section 3-
18.04: Section 4-
18.05: Section 5-
18.06: Section 6-
18.7: Effect of Structure on the Dielectric Constant
18.8: Effect of Temperature on the Dielectric Constant
18.9: Loss in Dielectrics
18.a10: Dielectric Breakdown
18.a11: Applications of Dielectrics
18.a12: Summary
18.a13: Questions
19: Diffraction and imaging
19.01: Section 1-
19.02: Section 2-
19.03: Section 3-
19.04: Section 4-
19.05: Section 5-
19.06: Section 6-
19.7: Summary
19.8: Questions
20: Diffusion
20.01: Fick's First Law of Diffusion
20.02: Fick's Second Law of Diffusion
20.03: Applications of Diffusion
20.04: Interdiffusion
20.05: Microstructural Effects
20.06: Temperature Effects
21: Dislocation Energetics and Mobility
21.1: Introduction
21.2: Making a Dislocation
21.3: Join the Crystals to Form the Dislocation
21.4: Dislocation Width
21.5: Form of the Displacement
21.6: Change in the Misfit Energy of a Dislocation as it Moves
21.7: Peierls Energy
21.8: What is the Peierls Stress
21.9: Determining the Peierls Stress
21.a10: Lattice Resistance
21.a11: Uses and Limitations of the Atomistic Model
21.a12: Summary
21.a13: Questions
22: Introduction to Dislocations
22.1: Introduction
22.2: Dislocations in 2D
22.3: Bubble Raft
22.4: Dislocation Glide
22.5: Dislocation Motion
22.6: Dislocation in 3D
22.7: Observing Dislocations
22.8: Summary
22.9: Questions
23: Elasticity in Biological Materials
23.1: Introduction
23.2: Hookean Elasticity
23.3: S-shaped Curves
23.4: Aneurysms
23.5: Demonstration of Aneurysms
23.6: J-Shaped Curves
23.7: Viscoelasticity and Hysteresis
23.8: Summary
23.9: Questions
24: Electromigration
24.1: Introduction
24.2: The Theory of Electromigration
24.3: Electromigration Damage
24.4: Flux Divergence
24.5: Avoiding Electromigration Problems
24.6: Alternatives to Aluminium Metallization
24.7: Summary
24.8: Questions
25: Ellingham Diagrams
25.1: Introduction
25.2: Thermodynamics
25.3: Chemical Reactions
25.4: The Equilibrium Constant
25.5: The Ellingham Diagram
25.6: Application
25.7: Partial Pressure of Reacting Gas
25.8: Reading p O2 from the Ellingham Diagram
25.9: Other Gas Mixtures
25.a10: Reducing Agents
25.a11: Other Atmospheres and Non-Standard States
25.a12: Summary
25.a13: The Interactive Ellingham Diagram
25.a14: Questions
26: Expitaxial Growth
26.1: Introduction
26.2: The Simulation and its Limitations
26.3: Summary
26.4: Questions
27: Examination of a Manufactured Article
27.1: Introduction
27.2: Dismantling the Article
27.3: Classes of Materials
27.4: Metals
27.5: Polymers
27.6: Ceramics and Composites
27.7: Example Article
27.8: Summary
27.9: Questions
28: Ferroelectric Materials
28.1: Introduction
28.2: The Dipole Moment
28.3: Polarisation
28.4: Switching Polarisation
28.5: Measurement of Polarisation
28.6: Fabrication of a KNO 3 Ferroelectric Capacitor
28.7: Temperature Dependence of the Hysteresis Loop
28.8: Barium Titanate
28.9: Order of Phase Transitions
28.a10: Ferroelectrics - Why
28.a11: Summary
28.a12: Questions
29: Ferromagnetic Materials
29.1: Introduction
29.2: Types of Magnetism
29.3: Why are some materials magnetic
29.4: Why are Only Some Materials Ferromagnetic
29.5: Curie-Weiss Law
29.6: Domains
29.7: Domain Walls
29.8: Hysteresis
29.9: Anisotropy
29.11: Questions
29.a10: Summary
30: Finite Element Method
30.1: Introduction
30.2: Nodes Elements Degrees of Freedom and Boundary Conditions
30.3: Direct Stiffness Method and the Global Stiffness Matrix
30.4: Enforcing Boundary Conditions
Shape Functions
30.6: 1D First Order Shape Functions
30.7: 1D Second Order Shapes and Functions
30.8: Typical steps during FEM modelling
30.9: Summary
30.a10: Questions
31: Fuel Cells
31.1: Introduction
31.2: The Principle
31.4: History of The Technology
31.4: Types of fuel cells
31.5: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
31.6: Electrolyte
31.7: Electrode Materials
31.8: Interconnection
31.9: Thermodynamics
31.22: Questions
31.a10: System and Outlook
31.a11: Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs)
31.a12: Electrolyte
31.a13: Electrochemistry
31.a14: Electrodes
31.a15: Proton Exchange Membran Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)
31.a16: Membrane
31.a17: Electrodes and Membrane-Electrode Assembly
31.a18: Efficiency and Reaction Conditions
31.a19: Fuelling Requirements
31.a20: Case Study: Fuelling Practicalities
31.a21: Summary
32: The Glass Transition in Polymers
32.1: Introduction
32.2: Theory 1
32.3: Theory 2
32.4: Measurement of Tg
32.5: Demostrations
32.6: Summary
32.7: Questions
33: Granular Materials
33.1: Introduction
33.2: Terzaghi's Effective Stress Principle
33.3: Ground Settlement and Centrifuge Modelling Experiments
33.4: Angle of Repose
33.5: Principle of Normality
33.6: Yielding of Disturbed Saturated Soils in Triaxial Stress Tests
33.7: Original Cam-Clay Model
33.8: Liquefaction
33.9: Wet Sand Drying Underfoot
33.a10: Summary
33.a11: Questions
34: Indexing Electron Diffraction Patterns
34.1: Introduction
34.2: Mathematics
34.3: Laue Zones
34.4: Kikuchi Lines
34.5: Using Polycrystalline Materials in the TEM
34.6: Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction (CBED)
34.7: Using Other Methods in Conjunction with Electron Diffraction
34.8: Summary
34.9: Questions
35: The Jominy End Quench Test
35.1: Introduction
35.2: Hardenability
35.3: Jominy Test
35.4: Uses of Jominy Data
35.5: Example Test Data
35.6: Simulations
35.7: Summary
35.8: Questions