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General Ecology

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General Ecology

This text, authored/curated by Tara Jo Holmberg, covers standard ecological topics from individuals to ecosystems, available through LibreTexts. The text cover topics such as Landscape Ecology and Island Biogeography, including the impact of human activity on ecosystems.

Biology
Author
Tara Jo Holmberg
Publisher
CT State Northwestern
Source
LibreTexts
License
CC BY-NC-SA
Language
EN
Category
Basic Sciences
Read online Download PDF (open licence)
Contents· 147 sections
  1. Chapter 0: The Study of Life and Science
  2. 0.1: Themes and Concepts of Biology
  3. 0.2: The Nature of Science
  4. 0.3: The Role of Science in Society
  5. 1.E: The Study of Life (Exercises)
  6. Chapter 1: Introduction to Ecology
  7. 1.1: What is Ecology
  8. 1.2: History of Ecology
  9. 1.3: Subdisciplines of Ecology
  10. 1.4: An Overview of Essential Mathematics Used in Science
  11. 1.5: Summarizing Data - Descriptive Statistics
  12. 1.6: Testing Hypotheses - Inferential Statistics
  13. Chapter 2: The Physical Environment
  14. 2.1: Properties of Water
  15. 2.2: Water (Hydrologic) Cycle
  16. 2.3: Soils
  17. 2.4: The Atmosphere
  18. 2.5: Earth's Energy Balance
  19. 2.6: Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation
  20. 2.7: What Makes the Climate Change
  21. 2.8: Past Climate Change
  22. Chapter 3: Evolution - History Evidence and Mechanisms
  23. 3.01: Understanding Evolution
  24. 3.2: Evidence of Evolution
  25. 3.2.1: Scientist Spotlight - Ynes Enriquetta Julietta Mexia
  26. 3.3: Natural Selection and Adaptive Evolution
  27. 3.4: Additional Mechanisms of Evolution
  28. Chapter 4: Adaptations to the Physical Environment
  29. 4.1: What is adaptation
  30. 4.2: Strategies for dealing with a changing environment
  31. Chapter 5: Terrestrial and Aquatic Communities
  32. 5.1: Earth's Biomes
  33. 5.1.1: Biogeography
  34. 5.1.2: Terrestrial Biomes
  35. 5.1.3: Aquatic Biomes
  36. 5.1.4: Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
  37. Chapter 6: Speciation and Evolution of Populations (Microevolution)
  38. 6.1: Species Defined
  39. 6.2: Speciation
  40. 6.3: Rates of Speciation and Extinction
  41. 6.4: Evolution of Genomes
  42. 6.5: Evolution in Populations
  43. Chapter 7: The History of Life Systematics and Phylogeny
  44. 7.1: Introduction
  45. 7.2: Deep Time
  46. 7.3: Origins of Life
  47. 7.4: Evidence for Early Life
  48. 7.5: Eukaryotic Origins
  49. 7.6: Systematics and Classification
  50. 7.7: Phylogeny and Cladistics
  51. Chapter 8: Life Histories
  52. 1: What is life history
  53. 1.1: Scientist Spotlight - Erin Satterthwaite
  54. 2: Life History Evolution
  55. 3: The Evolution of Aging
  56. 4: Semelparity versus Iteroparity
  57. Chapter 9: The Ecology of Populations
  58. 9.1: What is Population Ecology
  59. 9.2: Life Histories and Natural Selection
  60. 9.3: Population Demography
  61. 9.3.1: Scientist Spotlight - Jessie Isabelle Price
  62. 9.3: Population Dynamics and Regulation
  63. 9.4: Population Models
  64. 9.5: Human Population Growth
  65. Chapter 10: Population modeling
  66. 10.1: Prelude - Learning the Math of Population Models
  67. 10.2: Demographic rates
  68. 10.3: Overview of Population Growth Models
  69. 10.3.1: Geometric and Exponential Growth
  70. 10.3.1.1: Logistic population growth
  71. 10.4: Projecting population growth
  72. 10.5: Life Tables
  73. Chapter 11: Behavioral Ecology
  74. 11.1: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
  75. 11.1.1: Scientist Spotlight - Ernest Everett Just
  76. 11.2: Foraging Ecology
  77. 11.3: Movement Ecology
  78. 11.4: Animal Communication
  79. 11.5: How Does Social Behavior Evolve
  80. 11.6: How Do Social Systems Evolve
  81. Chapter 12: Sex Strategies
  82. 12.1: The paradox of sex: sexual versus asexual reproduction
  83. 12.2: Sex determination and sex ratios
  84. 12.3: Mating systems in sexual animals
  85. 12.4: Mating Systems in Plants
  86. 12.5: Sexual selection
  87. Chapter 13: The Ecology of Intraspecific Variation
  88. Chapter 14: Introduction to Community Ecology
  89. Scientist Spotlight - Anurag Agrawal
  90. Chapter 15: Competition
  91. 15.1: Introduction and Types of Competition
  92. 15.2: Intraspecific (Single Species) Competition
  93. 15.3: Interspecific (Two Species) Competition
  94. 15.4: Ecological Consequences of Competition
  95. 15.5: Quantifying Competition Using the Lotka-Volterra Model
  96. 15.6: References and Attributions
  97. Chapter 16: Antagonistic Interactions
  98. 16.1: Predation
  99. 16.2: Quantifying Predator-Prey Dynamics
  100. 16.3: Herbivory
  101. 16.4: Pathogens
  102. 16.5: References and Attributions
  103. Chapter 17: Symbioses
  104. 17.1: Introduction to Symbioses
  105. 17.1: Parasitism
  106. 17.2: Mutualisms
  107. 17.4: Maintenance of Mutualisms
  108. 17.5: Commensalisms
  109. Chapter 18: Ecological Succession
  110. 18.1: Introduction
  111. 18.2: What are the Effects of Disturbance
  112. 18.3: Patterns of Diversity Following Disturbance
  113. 18.4: What causes successional change
  114. 18.5: The Role of Consumers and Alternate Stable States
  115. Chapter 19: Food Webs
  116. 19.1: Introduction to and Components of Food Webs
  117. 19.2: Quantifying Food Webs
  118. 19.3: Trophic Cascades
  119. 19.4: References and Attributions
  120. Chapter 20: Biogeochemical Cycles
  121. 20.1: Introduction to Biogeochemical Cycles
  122. 20.2: The Biogeochemical Cycles
  123. 20.3: Eutrophication and Dead Zones
  124. Chapter 21: Landscape Ecology and Island Biogeography
  125. 21.1: What is Landscape Ecology
  126. 21.2: Applications of Landscape Ecology
  127. 21.3: Island Biogeography
  128. Chapter 22: Biodiversity
  129. 22.1: Introduction to Biodiversity
  130. 22.2: Importance of Biodiversity
  131. 22.3: The Biodiversity Crisis - HIPPPOC
  132. 22.4: Preserving Biodiversity
  133. 22.5: Measuring Biodiveristy
  134. 22.6: Patterns in Biodiversity
  135. Chapter 23: Conservation Biology
  136. 23.1: The Science of Conservation Biology
  137. 23.2: Policies
  138. 23.3: Species-level Conservation
  139. 23.4: Protected Areas
  140. 23.5: Ecosystem Restoration
  141. 23.6: Economic Influences on Conservation
  142. 23.7: Individual Choices
  143. Chapter 24: Human Global Environment
  144. 24.1: Introduction to Climate Change
  145. 24.2: Anthropogenic Climate Change
  146. 24.3: Current and Future Climate Change Impacts
  147. 24.4: Climate Strategies