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Organic Chemistry - MLC

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Organic Chemistry - MLC

Chemistry
Author
Heath Dobberpuhl
Publisher
Martin Luther College
Source
LibreTexts
Language
EN
Category
Basic Sciences
Read online Download PDF (open licence)
Contents· 189 sections
  1. 01: Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Structure
  2. 1.01: Introduction to Organic Chemistry
  3. 1.1.01: History
  4. 1.02: Fractional Distillation and Alkanes
  5. 1.2.01: Hydrocarbons and the Homologous Series
  6. 1.2.02: Overview of Distillation
  7. 1.2.03: Fractional Distillation
  8. 1.2.3.01: Theory of Fractional Distillation
  9. 1.2.3.02: Fractionating Columns
  10. 1.2.3.03: Uses of Fractional Distillation
  11. 1.2.3.04: Step-by-Step Procedures for Fractional Distillation
  12. 1.2.04: Structural Formulas - Lewis Kekule Bond-line Condensed and Perspective
  13. 1.2.05: Alkanes and Alkane Isomers
  14. 1.2.06: Alkyl Groups
  15. 1.2.07: Naming Alkanes
  16. 1.2.08: Properties of Alkanes
  17. 1.03: Cyclic Hydrocarbons
  18. 1.3.01: Naming Cycloalkanes
  19. 1.3.02: Stability of Cycloalkanes - Ring Strain
  20. 1.04: Alkenes
  21. 1.4.01: Bond Rotation
  22. 1.4.02: Introduction to Alkenes
  23. 1.4.03: Industrial Preparation and Use of Alkenes
  24. 1.4.04: Naming Alkenes
  25. 1.4.05: Polymerization of Alkenes
  26. 1.05: Alkynes and Benzene
  27. 1.5.01: Naming Alkynes
  28. 1.5.02: Introduction
  29. 1.5.03: Naming Aromatic Compounds
  30. 1.5.04: Structure and Stability of Benzene
  31. 1.06: Halides
  32. 1.6.01: Introduction to Organohalides
  33. 1.6.02: Names and Properties of Alkyl Halides
  34. 1.07: Isomers
  35. 1.7.01: Isomerism Introduction
  36. 1.08: Polarity and Lewis Structures
  37. 1.8.01: Atomic Structure - Orbitals
  38. 1.8.02: Atomic Structure - Electron Configurations
  39. 1.8.03: Development of Chemical Bonding Theory
  40. 1.8.04: Describing Chemical Bonds - Valence Bond Theory
  41. 1.8.05: Polar Covalent Bonds - Electronegativity
  42. 1.09: Formal Charge and Resonance
  43. 1.9.01: Lewis Structures and Formal Charges
  44. 1.9.02: Resonance
  45. 1.10: Common Bonding Patterns for Organic Chemistry
  46. 02: Tools of Organic Chemistry
  47. 2.01: Intermolecular Forces (IMFs) - Review
  48. 2.1.01: Intermolecular Forces and Relative Boiling Points (bp)
  49. 2.1.02: Intermolecular Forces and Solubilities
  50. 2.1.03: Chromatography
  51. 2.1.04: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
  52. 2.1.4A: Overview of TLC
  53. 2.1.4B: Uses of TLC
  54. 2.1.4C: The Retention Factor
  55. 2.1.4D: Separation Theory
  56. 2.1.4E: Step-by-Step Procedures for Thin Layer Chromatography
  57. 2.1.4F: Visualizing TLC Plates
  58. 2.1.05: Gas Chromatography (GC)
  59. 2.1.5A: Overview of GC
  60. 2.1.5B: Uses of Gas Chromatography
  61. 2.1.5C: Separation Theory
  62. 2.1.5D: Quantitating with GC
  63. 2.1.5E: GC Parameters
  64. 2.1.5F: Sample Preparation for Gas Chromatography
  65. 2.02: Column Chromatography
  66. 2.2.01: Macroscale Columns
  67. 2.2.02: Microscale (Pipette) Columns
  68. 2.2.03: 5.5 Polarimetry
  69. 2.2.04: Crystallization
  70. 2.2.4.01: Overview of Crystallization
  71. 2.2.4.02: Uses of Crystallization
  72. 2.2.4.2A: Reagent Purification
  73. 2.2.4.2B: Purification of Product Mixtures
  74. 2.2.4.03: Choice of Solvent
  75. 2.2.4.3A: Ideal Temperature Profile
  76. 2.2.4.3B: General Procedures for Removing Impurities
  77. 2.2.4.3C: Determining Which Solvent to Use
  78. 2.2.4.3D: Using Solubility Data
  79. 2.2.4.3E: Experimentally Testing Solvents
  80. 2.2.4.3F: Mixed Solvents
  81. 2.2.4.04: Crystallization Theory
  82. 2.2.4.4A: Purification
  83. 2.2.4.4B: Cooling Slowly
  84. 2.2.4.4C: Using the Minimum Amount of Hot Solvent
  85. 2.2.4.4D: The Unavoidable Loss of Recovery
  86. 2.2.4.4E: Quantitating Crystallization
  87. 2.2.4.4F: Second Crop Crystallization
  88. 2.2.4.05: Procedural Generalities
  89. 2.2.4.5A: General Procedure
  90. 2.2.4.5B: Heat Source and Bump Prevention
  91. 2.2.4.5C: Charcoal
  92. 2.2.4.5D: Cooling Slowly
  93. 2.2.4.5E: Initiating Crystallization
  94. 2.2.4.06: Step-by-Step Procedures
  95. 2.2.4.6A: Single Solvent Crystallization
  96. 2.2.4.6B: Crystallization Summary
  97. 2.2.4.6C: Using Solvents Other Than Water
  98. 2.2.4.6D: Mixed Solvent Crystallization
  99. 2.2.4.6E: Mixed Solvent Summary
  100. 2.2.4.6F: Troubleshooting
  101. 03: Alcohols Ethers Thiols Sulfides and Amines
  102. 3.01: Alcohols and Phenols
  103. 3.1.01: Introduction
  104. 3.1.02: Naming Alcohols and Phenols
  105. 3.1.03: Properties of Alcohols and Phenols
  106. 3.1.04: Preparation of Alcohols- A Review
  107. 3.1.05: Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds- Reduction
  108. 3.1.06: Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds- Grignard Reagents
  109. 3.1.07: Reactions of Alcohols
  110. 3.1.08: Oxidation of Alcohols
  111. 3.1.09: Protection of Alcohols
  112. 3.1.10: Phenols and Their Uses
  113. 3.1.11: Reactions of Phenols
  114. 3.1.12: Spectroscopy of Alcohols and Phenols
  115. 3.1.S: Alcohols and Phenols (Summary)
  116. 3.02: Ethers and Epoxides Thiols and Sulfides
  117. 3.2.01: Introduction
  118. 3.2.02: Names and Properties of Ethers
  119. 3.2.03: Preparing Ethers
  120. 3.2.04: Reactions of Ethers- Acidic Cleavage
  121. 3.2.05: Reactions of Ethers- Claisen Rearrangement
  122. 3.2.06: Thiols and Sulfides
  123. 3.03: Amines and Heterocycles
  124. 3.3.01: Naming Amines
  125. 3.3.02: Structure and Properties of Amines
  126. 3.3.03: Synthesis of Amines
  127. 3.3.04: Reactions of Amines
  128. 04: Carbonyls
  129. 4.01: Aldehydes and Ketones- Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
  130. 4.1.01: Chapter Objectives and Preview of Carbonyl Chemistry
  131. 4.1.02: Naming Aldehydes and Ketones
  132. 4.1.03: Preparing Aldehydes and Ketones
  133. 4.1.04: Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones
  134. 4.1.05: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
  135. 4.1.06: Nucleophilic Addition of Water- Hydration
  136. 4.02: Carboxylic Acids
  137. 4.2.01: Chapter Objectives and Introduction to Carboxylic Acids
  138. 4.2.02: Naming Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles
  139. 4.2.03: Structure and Properties of Carboxylic Acids
  140. 4.2.04: Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - An Overview
  141. 4.2.05: Chemistry of Esters
  142. 4.2.06: Chemistry of Amides
  143. 05: Biomolecules
  144. 5.01: Biomolecules- Carbohydrates
  145. 5.1.01: Introduction
  146. 5.1.02: Classification of Carbohydrates
  147. 5.1.03: Depicting Carbohydrate Stereochemistry - Fischer Projections
  148. 5.1.04: D L Sugars
  149. 5.1.05: Configurations of Aldoses
  150. 5.1.06: Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides - Anomers
  151. 5.1.07: Reactions of Monosaccharides
  152. 5.1.08: The Eight Essential Monosaccharides
  153. 5.1.09: Disaccharides
  154. 5.1.10: Polysaccharides and Their Synthesis
  155. 5.1.11: Other Important Carbohydrates
  156. 5.1.12: Cell-Surface Carbohydrates and Influenza Viruses
  157. 5.1.S: Biomolecules- Carbohydrates (Summary)
  158. 5.02: Biomolecules- Amino Acids Peptides and Proteins
  159. 5.2.01: Introduction
  160. 5.2.02: Structures of Amino Acids
  161. 5.2.03: Amino Acids the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation and Isoelectric Points
  162. 5.2.04: Synthesis of Amino Acids
  163. 5.2.05: Peptides and Proteins
  164. 5.2.06: Amino Acid Analysis of Peptides
  165. 5.2.07: The Edman Degradation
  166. 5.2.08: Peptide Synthesis
  167. 5.2.09: The Merrifield Solid-Phase Technique
  168. 5.2.10: Protein Structure
  169. 5.2.11: Enzymes and Coenzymes
  170. 5.2.12: How do Enzymes Work Citrate Synthase
  171. 5.03: Biomolecules - Lipids
  172. 5.3.01: Introduction to Lipids
  173. 5.3.02: Waxes Fats and Oils
  174. 5.3.03: Soap
  175. 5.3.04: Phospholipids
  176. 5.3.05: Prostaglandins and Other Eicosanoids
  177. 5.3.06: Terpenoids
  178. 5.3.07: Steroids
  179. 5.3.08: Biosynthesis of Steroids
  180. 5.3.S: Biomolecules - Lipids (Summary)
  181. 5.04: Biomolecules - Nucleic Acids
  182. 5.4.01: Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
  183. 5.4.02: Base Pairing in DNA - The Watson-Crick Model
  184. 5.4.03: Replication of DNA
  185. 5.4.04: Transcription of DNA
  186. 5.4.05: Translation of RNA - Protein Biosynthesis
  187. 5.4.06: DNA Sequencing
  188. 5.4.07: DNA Synthesis
  189. 5.4.08: The Polymerase Chain Reaction