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General Biology

Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of many branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study and research.

Introductory and General BiologyBiology
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OpenStax
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LibreTexts
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LibreTexts
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CC BY
Language
EN
Category
Basic Sciences
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Contents· 550 sections
  1. 01: Unit I- The Chemistry of Life
  2. 1.01: The Study of Life
  3. 1.1.01: Introduction
  4. 1.1.02: The Science of Biology
  5. 1.1.2: The Science of Biology
  6. 1.1.03: Themes and Concepts of Biology
  7. 1.1.04: Key Terms
  8. 1.1.05: Chapter Summary
  9. 1.1.06: Visual Connection Questions
  10. 1.1.07: Review Questions
  11. 1.1.08: Critical Thinking Questions
  12. 1.02: The Chemical Foundation of Life
  13. 1.2.01: Introduction
  14. 1.2.02: Atoms Isotopes Ions and Molecules - The Building Blocks
  15. 1.2.03: Water
  16. 1.2.04: Carbon
  17. 1.2.05: Key Terms
  18. 1.2.06: Chapter Summary
  19. 1.2.07: Visual Connection Questions
  20. 1.2.08: Review Questions
  21. 1.2.09: Critical Thinking Questions
  22. 1.03: Biological Macromolecules
  23. 1.3.01: Introduction
  24. 1.3.02: Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
  25. 1.3.03: Carbohydrates
  26. 1.3.04: Lipids
  27. 1.3.05: Proteins
  28. 1.3.06: Nucleic Acids
  29. 1.3.07: Key Terms
  30. 1.3.08: Chapter Summary
  31. 1.3.09: Visual Connection Questions
  32. 1.3.10: Review Questions
  33. 1.3.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  34. 02: Unit II- The Cell
  35. 2.01: Cell Structure
  36. 2.1.01: Introduction
  37. 2.1.02: Studying Cells
  38. 2.1.03: Prokaryotic Cells
  39. 2.1.04: Eukaryotic Cells
  40. 2.1.05: The Endomembrane System and Proteins
  41. 2.1.06: The Cytoskeleton
  42. 2.1.07: Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
  43. 2.1.08: Key Terms
  44. 2.1.09: Chapter Summary
  45. 2.1.10: Visual Connection Questions
  46. 2.1.11: Review Questions
  47. 2.1.12: Critical Thinking Questions
  48. 2.02: Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes
  49. 2.2.01: Introduction
  50. 2.2.02: Components and Structure
  51. 2.2.03: Passive Transport
  52. 2.2.04: Active Transport
  53. 2.2.05: Bulk Transport
  54. 2.2.06: Key Terms
  55. 2.2.07: Chapter Summary
  56. 2.2.08: Visual Connection Questions
  57. 2.2.09: Review Questions
  58. 2.2.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  59. 2.03: Metabolism
  60. 2.3.01: Introduction
  61. 2.3.02: Energy and Metabolism
  62. 2.3.03: Potential Kinetic Free and Activation Energy
  63. 2.3.04: The Laws of Thermodynamics
  64. 2.3.05: ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate
  65. 2.3.06: Enzymes
  66. 2.3.07: Key Terms
  67. 2.3.08: Chapter Summary
  68. 2.3.09: Visual Connection Questions
  69. 2.3.10: Review Questions
  70. 2.3.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  71. 2.04: Cellular Respiration
  72. 2.4.01: Introduction
  73. 2.4.02: Energy in Living Systems
  74. 2.4.03: Glycolysis
  75. 2.4.04: Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
  76. 2.4.05: Oxidative Phosphorylation
  77. 2.4.06: Metabolism without Oxygen
  78. 2.4.07: Connections of Carbohydrate Protein and Lipid Metabolic Pathways
  79. 2.4.08: Regulation of Cellular Respiration
  80. 2.4.09: Key Terms
  81. 2.4.10: Chapter Summary
  82. 2.4.11: Visual Connection Questions
  83. 2.4.12: Review Questions
  84. 2.4.13: Critical Thinking Questions
  85. 2.05: Photosynthesis
  86. 2.5.01: Introduction
  87. 2.5.02: Overview of Photosynthesis
  88. 2.5.03: The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
  89. 2.5.04: Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules
  90. 2.5.05: Key Terms
  91. 2.5.06: Chapter Summary
  92. 2.5.07: Visual Connection Questions
  93. 2.5.08: Review Questions
  94. 2.5.09: Critical Thinking Questions
  95. 2.06: Cell Communication
  96. 2.6.01: Introduction
  97. 2.6.02: Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
  98. 2.6.03: Propagation of the Signal
  99. 2.6.04: Response to the Signal
  100. 2.6.05: Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
  101. 2.6.06: Key Terms
  102. 2.6.07: Chapter Summary
  103. 2.6.08: Visual Connection Questions
  104. 2.6.09: Review Questions
  105. 2.6.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  106. 2.07: Cell Reproduction
  107. 2.7.01: Introduction
  108. 2.7.02: Cell Division
  109. 2.7.03: The Cell Cycle
  110. 2.7.04: Control of the Cell Cycle
  111. 2.7.05: Cancer and the Cell Cycle
  112. 2.7.06: Prokaryotic Cell Division
  113. 2.7.07: Key Terms
  114. 2.7.08: Chapter Summary
  115. 2.7.09: Visual Connection Questions
  116. 2.7.10: Review Questions
  117. 2.7.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  118. 03: Unit III- Genetics
  119. 3.01: Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
  120. 3.1.01: Introduction
  121. 3.1.02: The Process of Meiosis
  122. 3.1.03: Sexual Reproduction
  123. 3.1.04: Key Terms
  124. 3.1.05: Chapter Summary
  125. 3.1.06: Visual Connection Questions
  126. 3.1.07: Review Questions
  127. 3.1.08: Critical Thinking Questions
  128. 3.02: Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
  129. 3.2.01: Introduction
  130. 3.2.02: Mendels Experiments and the Laws of Probability
  131. 3.2.03: Characteristics and Traits
  132. 3.2.04: Laws of Inheritance
  133. 3.2.05: Key Terms
  134. 3.2.06: Chapter Summary
  135. 3.2.07: Visual Connection Questions
  136. 3.2.08: Review Questions
  137. 3.2.09: Critical Thinking Questions
  138. 3.03: Modern Understandings of Inheritance
  139. 3.3.01: Introduction
  140. 3.3.02: Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
  141. 3.3.03: Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
  142. 3.3.04: Key Terms
  143. 3.3.05: Chapter Summary
  144. 3.3.06: Visual Connection Questions
  145. 3.3.07: Review Questions
  146. 3.3.08: Critical Thinking Questions
  147. 3.04: DNA Structure and Function
  148. 3.4.01: Introduction
  149. 3.4.02: Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
  150. 3.4.03: DNA Structure and Sequencing
  151. 3.4.04: Basics of DNA Replication
  152. 3.4.05: DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
  153. 3.4.06: DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
  154. 3.4.07: DNA Repair
  155. 3.4.08: Key Terms
  156. 3.4.09: Chapter Summary
  157. 3.4.10: Visual Connection Questions
  158. 3.4.11: Review Questions
  159. 3.4.12: Critical Thinking Questions
  160. 3.05: Genes and Proteins
  161. 3.5.01: Introduction
  162. 3.5.02: The Genetic Code
  163. 3.5.03: Prokaryotic Transcription
  164. 3.5.04: Eukaryotic Transcription
  165. 3.5.05: RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
  166. 3.5.06: Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
  167. 3.5.07: Key Terms
  168. 3.5.08: Chapter Summary
  169. 3.5.09: Visual Connection Questions
  170. 3.5.10: Review Questions
  171. 3.5.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  172. 3.06: Gene Expression
  173. 3.6.01: Introduction
  174. 3.6.02: Regulation of Gene Expression
  175. 3.6.03: Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
  176. 3.6.04: Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation
  177. 3.6.05: Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation
  178. 3.6.06: Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
  179. 3.6.07: Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
  180. 3.6.08: Cancer and Gene Regulation
  181. 3.6.09: Key Terms
  182. 3.6.10: Chapter Summary
  183. 3.6.11: Visual Connection Questions
  184. 3.6.12: Review Questions
  185. 3.6.13: Critical Thinking Questions
  186. 3.07: Biotechnology and Genomics
  187. 3.7.01: Introduction
  188. 3.7.02: Biotechnology
  189. 3.7.03: Mapping Genomes
  190. 3.7.04: Whole-Genome Sequencing
  191. 3.7.05: Applying Genomics
  192. 3.7.06: Genomics and Proteomics
  193. 3.7.07: Key Terms
  194. 3.7.08: Chapter Summary
  195. 3.7.09: Visual Connection Questions
  196. 3.7.10: Review Questions
  197. 3.7.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  198. 04: Unit IV- Evolutionary Processes
  199. 4.01: Evolution and the Origin of Species
  200. 4.1.01: Introduction
  201. 4.1.02: Understanding Evolution
  202. 4.1.03: Formation of New Species
  203. 4.1.04: Reconnection and Speciation Rates
  204. 4.1.05: Key Terms
  205. 4.1.06: Chapter Summary
  206. 4.1.07: Visual Connection Questions
  207. 4.1.08: Review Questions
  208. 4.1.09: Critical Thinking Questions
  209. 4.02: The Evolution of Populations
  210. 4.2.01: Introduction
  211. 4.2.02: Population Evolution
  212. 4.2.03: Population Genetics
  213. 4.2.04: Adaptive Evolution
  214. 4.2.05: Key Terms
  215. 4.2.06: Chapter Summary
  216. 4.2.07: Visual Connection Questions
  217. 4.2.08: Review Questions
  218. 4.2.09: Critical Thinking Questions
  219. 4.03: Phylogenies and the History of Life
  220. 4.3.01: Introduction
  221. 4.3.02: Organizing Life on Earth
  222. 4.3.03: Determining Evolutionary Relationships
  223. 4.3.04: Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
  224. 4.3.05: Key Terms
  225. 4.3.06: Chapter Summary
  226. 4.3.07: Visual Connection Questions
  227. 4.3.08: Review Questions
  228. 4.3.09: Critical Thinking Questions
  229. 05: Unit V- Biological Diversity
  230. 5.01: Viruses
  231. 5.1.01: Introduction
  232. 5.1.02: Viral Evolution Morphology and Classification
  233. 5.1.03: Virus Infections and Hosts
  234. 5.1.04: Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
  235. 5.1.05: Other Acellular Entities - Prions and Viroids
  236. 5.1.06: Key Terms
  237. 5.1.07: Chapter Summary
  238. 5.1.08: Visual Connection Questions
  239. 5.1.09: Review Questions
  240. 5.1.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  241. 5.02: Prokaryotes - Bacteria and Archaea
  242. 5.2.01: Introduction
  243. 5.2.02: Prokaryotic Diversity
  244. 5.2.03: Structure of Prokaryotes- Bacteria and Archaea
  245. 5.2.04: Prokaryotic Metabolism
  246. 5.2.05: Bacterial Diseases in Humans
  247. 5.2.06: Beneficial Prokaryotes
  248. 5.2.07: Key Terms
  249. 5.2.08: Chapter Summary
  250. 5.2.09: Visual Connection Questions
  251. 5.2.10: Review Questions
  252. 5.2.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  253. 5.03: Protists
  254. 5.3.01: Introduction
  255. 5.3.02: Eukaryotic Origins
  256. 5.3.03: Characteristics of Protists
  257. 5.3.04: Groups of Protists
  258. 5.3.05: Ecology of Protists
  259. 5.3.06: Key Terms
  260. 5.3.07: Chapter Summary
  261. 5.3.08: Visual Connection Questions
  262. 5.3.09: Review Questions
  263. 5.3.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  264. 5.04: Fungi
  265. 5.4.01: Introduction
  266. 5.4.02: Characteristics of Fungi
  267. 5.4.03: Classifications of Fungi
  268. 5.4.04: Ecology of Fungi
  269. 5.4.05: Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
  270. 5.4.06: Importance of Fungi in Human Life
  271. 5.4.07: Key Terms
  272. 5.4.08: Chapter Summary
  273. 5.4.09: Visual Connection Questions
  274. 5.4.10: Review Questions
  275. 5.4.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  276. 5.05: Seedless Plants
  277. 5.5.01: Introduction
  278. 5.5.02: Early Plant Life
  279. 5.5.03: Green Algae - Precursors of Land Plants
  280. 5.5.04: Bryophytes
  281. 5.5.05: Seedless Vascular Plants
  282. 5.5.06: Key Terms
  283. 5.5.07: Chapter Summary
  284. 5.5.08: Visual Connection Questions
  285. 5.5.09: Review Questions
  286. 5.5.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  287. 5.06: Seed Plants
  288. 5.6.01: Introduction
  289. 5.6.02: Evolution of Seed Plants
  290. 5.6.03: Gymnosperms
  291. 5.6.04: Angiosperms
  292. 5.6.05: The Role of Seed Plants
  293. 5.6.06: Key Terms
  294. 5.6.07: Chapter Summary
  295. 5.6.08: Visual Connection Questions
  296. 5.6.09: Review Questions
  297. 5.6.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  298. 5.07: Introduction to Animal Diversity
  299. 5.7.01: Introduction
  300. 5.7.02: Features of the Animal Kingdom
  301. 5.7.03: Features Used to Classify Animals
  302. 5.7.04: Animal Phylogeny
  303. 5.7.05: The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom
  304. 5.7.06: Key Terms
  305. 5.7.07: Chapter Summary
  306. 5.7.08: Visual Connection Questions
  307. 5.7.09: Review Questions
  308. 5.7.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  309. 5.08: Invertebrates
  310. 5.8.01: Introduction
  311. 5.8.02: Phylum Porifera
  312. 5.8.03: Phylum Cnidaria
  313. 5.8.04: Superphylum Lophotrochozoa- Flatworms Rotifers and Nemerteans
  314. 5.8.05: Superphylum Lophotrochozoa- Molluscs and Annelids
  315. 5.8.06: Superphylum Ecdysozoa- Nematodes and Tardigrades
  316. 5.8.07: Superphylum Ecdysozoa- Arthropods
  317. 5.8.08: Superphylum Deuterostomia
  318. 5.8.09: Key Terms
  319. 5.8.10: Chapter Summary
  320. 5.8.11: Visual Connection Questions
  321. 5.8.12: Review Questions
  322. 5.8.13: Critical Thinking Questions
  323. 5.09: Vertebrates
  324. 5.9.01: Introduction
  325. 5.9.02: Chordates
  326. 5.9.03: Fishes
  327. 5.9.04: Amphibians
  328. 5.9.05: Reptiles
  329. 5.9.06: Birds
  330. 5.9.07: Mammals
  331. 5.9.08: The Evolution of Primates
  332. 5.9.09: Key Terms
  333. 5.9.10: Chapter Summary
  334. 5.9.11: Visual Connection Questions
  335. 5.9.12: Review Questions
  336. 5.9.13: Critical Thinking Questions
  337. 06: Unit VI- Plant Structure and Function
  338. 6.01: Plant Form and Physiology
  339. 6.1.01: Introduction
  340. 6.1.02: The Plant Body
  341. 6.1.03: Stems
  342. 6.1.04: Roots
  343. 6.1.05: Leaves
  344. 6.1.06: Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
  345. 6.1.07: Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
  346. 6.1.08: Key Terms
  347. 6.1.09: Chapter Summary
  348. 6.1.10: Visual Connection Questions
  349. 6.1.11: Review Questions
  350. 6.1.12: Critical Thinking Questions
  351. 6.02: Soil and Plant Nutrition
  352. 6.2.01: Introduction
  353. 6.2.02: Nutritional Requirements of Plants
  354. 6.2.03: The Soil
  355. 6.2.04: Nutritional Adaptations of Plants
  356. 6.2.05: Key Terms
  357. 6.2.06: Chapter Summary
  358. 6.2.07: Visual Connection Questions
  359. 6.2.08: Review Questions
  360. 6.2.09: Critical Thinking Questions
  361. 6.03: Plant Reproduction
  362. 6.3.01: Introduction
  363. 6.3.02: Reproductive Development and Structure
  364. 6.3.03: Pollination and Fertilization
  365. 6.3.04: Asexual Reproduction
  366. 6.3.05: Key Terms
  367. 6.3.06: Chapter Summary
  368. 6.3.07: Visual Connection Questions
  369. 6.3.08: Review Questions
  370. 6.3.09: Critical Thinking Questions
  371. 07: Unit VII- Animal Structure and Function
  372. 7.01: The Animal Body - Basic Form and Function
  373. 7.1.01: Introduction
  374. 7.1.02: Animal Form and Function
  375. 7.1.03: Animal Primary Tissues
  376. 7.1.04: Homeostasis
  377. 7.1.05: Key Terms
  378. 7.1.06: Chapter Summary
  379. 7.1.07: Visual Connection Questions
  380. 7.1.08: Review Questions
  381. 7.1.09: Critical Thinking Questions
  382. 7.02: Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System
  383. 7.2.01: Introduction
  384. 7.2.02: Digestive Systems
  385. 7.2.03: Nutrition and Energy Production
  386. 7.2.04: Digestive System Processes
  387. 7.2.05: Digestive System Regulation
  388. 7.2.06: Key Terms
  389. 7.2.07: Chapter Summary
  390. 7.2.08: Visual Connection Questions
  391. 7.2.09: Review Questions
  392. 7.2.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  393. 7.03: The Nervous System
  394. 7.3.01: Introduction
  395. 7.3.02: Neurons and Glial Cells
  396. 7.3.03: How Neurons Communicate
  397. 7.3.04: The Central Nervous System
  398. 7.3.05: The Peripheral Nervous System
  399. 7.3.06: Nervous System Disorders
  400. 7.3.07: Key Terms
  401. 7.3.08: Chapter Summary
  402. 7.3.09: Visual Connection Questions
  403. 7.3.10: Review Questions
  404. 7.3.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  405. 7.04: Sensory Systems
  406. 7.4.01: Introduction
  407. 7.4.02: Sensory Processes
  408. 7.4.03: Somatosensation
  409. 7.4.04: Taste and Smell
  410. 7.4.05: Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
  411. 7.4.06: Vision
  412. 7.4.07: Key Terms
  413. 7.4.08: Chapter Summary
  414. 7.4.09: Visual Connection Questions
  415. 7.4.10: Review Questions
  416. 7.4.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  417. 7.05: The Endocrine System
  418. 7.5.01: Introduction
  419. 7.5.02: Types of Hormones
  420. 7.5.03: How Hormones Work
  421. 7.5.04: Regulation of Body Processes
  422. 7.5.05: Regulation of Hormone Production
  423. 7.5.06: Endocrine Glands
  424. 7.5.07: Key Terms
  425. 7.5.08: Chapter Summary
  426. 7.5.09: Visual Connection Questions
  427. 7.5.10: Review Questions
  428. 7.5.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  429. 7.06: The Musculoskeletal System
  430. 7.6.01: Introduction
  431. 7.6.02: Types of Skeletal Systems
  432. 7.6.03: Bone
  433. 7.6.04: Joints and Skeletal Movement
  434. 7.6.05: Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
  435. 7.6.06: Key Terms
  436. 7.6.07: Chapter Summary
  437. 7.6.08: Visual Connection Questions
  438. 7.6.09: Review Questions
  439. 7.6.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  440. 7.07: The Respiratory System
  441. 7.7.01: Introduction
  442. 7.7.02: Systems of Gas Exchange
  443. 7.7.03: Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
  444. 7.7.04: Breathing
  445. 7.7.05: Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
  446. 7.7.06: Key Terms
  447. 7.7.07: Chapter Summary
  448. 7.7.08: Visual Connection Questions
  449. 7.7.09: Review Questions
  450. 7.7.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  451. 7.08: The Circulatory System
  452. 7.8.01: Introduction
  453. 7.8.02: Overview of the Circulatory System
  454. 7.8.03: Components of the Blood
  455. 7.8.04: Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
  456. 7.8.05: Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
  457. 7.8.06: Key Terms
  458. 7.8.07: Chapter Summary
  459. 7.8.08: Visual Connection Questions
  460. 7.8.09: Review Questions
  461. 7.8.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  462. 7.09: Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
  463. 7.9.01: Introduction
  464. 7.9.02: Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
  465. 7.9.03: The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
  466. 7.9.04: Excretion Systems
  467. 7.9.05: Nitrogenous Wastes
  468. 7.9.06: Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
  469. 7.9.07: Key Terms
  470. 7.9.08: Chapter Summary
  471. 7.9.09: Visual Connection Questions
  472. 7.9.10: Review Questions
  473. 7.9.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  474. 7.10: The Immune System
  475. 7.10.01: Introduction
  476. 7.10.02: Innate Immune Response
  477. 7.10.03: Adaptive Immune Response
  478. 7.10.04: Antibodies
  479. 7.10.05: Disruptions in the Immune System
  480. 7.10.06: Key Terms
  481. 7.10.07: Chapter Summary
  482. 7.10.08: Visual Connection Questions
  483. 7.10.09: Review Questions
  484. 7.10.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  485. 7.11: Animal Reproduction and Development
  486. 7.11.01: Introduction
  487. 7.11.02: Reproduction Methods
  488. 7.11.03: Fertilization
  489. 7.11.04: Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
  490. 7.11.05: Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
  491. 7.11.06: Human Pregnancy and Birth
  492. 7.11.07: Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
  493. 7.11.08: Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation
  494. 7.11.09: Key Terms
  495. 7.11.10: Chapter Summary
  496. 7.11.11: Visual Connection Questions
  497. 7.11.12: Review Questions
  498. 7.11.13: Critical Thinking Questions
  499. 08: Unit VIII- Ecology
  500. 8.01: Ecology and the Biosphere
  501. 8.1.01: Introduction
  502. 8.1.02: The Scope of Ecology
  503. 8.1.03: Biogeography
  504. 8.1.04: Terrestrial Biomes
  505. 8.1.05: Aquatic Biomes
  506. 8.1.06: Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
  507. 8.1.07: Key Terms
  508. 8.1.08: Chapter Summary
  509. 8.1.09: Visual Connection Questions
  510. 8.1.10: Review Questions
  511. 8.1.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  512. 8.02: Population and Community Ecology
  513. 8.2.01: Introduction
  514. 8.2.02: Population Demography
  515. 8.2.03: Life Histories and Natural Selection
  516. 8.2.04: Environmental Limits to Population Growth
  517. 8.2.05: Population Dynamics and Regulation
  518. 8.2.06: Human Population Growth
  519. 8.2.07: Community Ecology
  520. 8.2.08: Behavioral Biology - Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
  521. 8.2.09: Key Terms
  522. 8.2.10: Chapter Summary
  523. 8.2.11: Visual Connection Questions
  524. 8.2.12: Review Questions
  525. 8.2.13: Critical Thinking Questions
  526. 8.03: Ecosystems
  527. 8.3.01: Introduction
  528. 8.3.02: Ecology of Ecosystems
  529. 8.3.03: Energy Flow through Ecosystems
  530. 8.3.04: Biogeochemical Cycles
  531. 8.3.05: Key Terms
  532. 8.3.06: Chapter Summary
  533. 8.3.07: Visual Connection Questions
  534. 8.3.08: Review Questions
  535. 8.3.09: Critical Thinking Questions
  536. 8.04: Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
  537. 8.4.01: Introduction
  538. 8.4.02: The Biodiversity Crisis
  539. 8.4.03: The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
  540. 8.4.04: Threats to Biodiversity
  541. 8.4.05: Preserving Biodiversity
  542. 8.4.06: Key Terms
  543. 8.4.07: Chapter Summary
  544. 8.4.08: Visual Connection Questions
  545. 8.4.09: Review Questions
  546. 8.4.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  547. 09: Appendix
  548. 9.01: Appendix A- The Periodic Table of Elements
  549. 9.02: Appendix B- Geological Time
  550. 9.03: Appendix C- Measurements and the Metric System