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Earth Science

Science and Technology K-12 Education

Author: CK-12 Foundation
Publisher: LibreTexts
Source: LibreTexts
License: CK-12
Language: EN
Category: Basic Sciences

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Contents· 414 sections

01: The Nature of Science
1.01: Scientific Explanations and Interpretations
1.02: Scientific Method
1.03: Developing Hypotheses
1.04: Testing Hypotheses
1.05: Correlation and Causation
1.06: The Nature of Science- Challenge 1
1.07: Observations and Experiments
1.08: Theories
1.09: Evolution Plate Tectonics and Climate Change
1.10: Scientific Models
1.11: Scientific Community
1.12: The Nature of Science- Challenge 2
02: Introduction to Earth Science
2.01: Branches of Earth Science
2.02: Earth Science Field Work
2.03: Uniformitarianism
2.04: Location
2.05: Direction
2.06: Elevation
2.07: Introduction to Earth Science- Challenge 1
2.08: Maps
2.09: Map Projections
2.10: Topographic and Geologic Maps
2.11: Seafloor
2.12: Introduction to Earth Science- Challenge 2
2.13: Telescopes
2.14: Study of Space by the Electromagnetic Spectrum
2.15: Satellites Shuttles and Space Stations
2.16: Introduction to Earth Science- Challenge 3
03: Planet Earth
3.01: Atoms and Molecules
3.02: Earth's Shape
3.03: Earth's Magnetic Field
3.04: Earth's Rotations
3.05: Earth's Revolutions
3.06: Coriolis Effect
3.07: Seasons
3.08: Planet Earth- Challenge 1
3.09: Eclipses
3.10: Solar Eclipses
3.11: Lunar Eclipses
3.12: Lunar Phases
3.13: Planet Earth- Challenge 2
3.14: Earth's Interior
3.15: Earth's Outer Layers
3.16: Earth's Inner Layers
3.17: Earth's Crust
3.18: Earth's Mantle
3.19: Earth's Core
3.20: Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
3.21: Planet Earth- Challenge 3
04: Earth's Minerals and Rocks
4.01: Minerals
4.02: Mineral Groups
4.03: Mineral Identification
4.04: Mineral Formation
4.05: Earth's Minerals and Rocks- Challenge 1
4.06: Rocks
4.07: Rock Cycle Processes
4.08: Igneous Rocks
4.09: Intrusive and Extrusive Igneous Rocks
4.10: Igneous Rock Classification
4.11: Earth's Minerals and Rocks- Challenge 2
4.12: Sedimentary Rocks
4.13: Lithification of Sedimentary Rocks
4.14: Sedimentary Rock Classification
4.15: Metamorphic Rocks
4.16: Metamorphic Rock Classification
4.17: Earth's Minerals and Rocks- Challenge 3
05: Plate Tectonics
5.01: Continental Drift
5.02: Wegener and the Continental Drift Hypothesis
5.03: Magnetic Polarity Evidence for Continental Drift
5.04: Bathymetric Evidence for Seafloor Spreading
5.05: Magnetic Evidence for Seafloor Spreading
5.06: Seafloor Spreading Hypothesis
5.07: Plate Tectonics- Challenge 1
5.08: Earth's Tectonic Plates
5.09: Tectonic Plate Motions
5.10: Theory of Plate Tectonics
5.11: Divergent Plate Boundaries in the Ocean
5.12: Divergent Plate Boundaries
5.13: Transform Plate Boundaries
5.14: Plate Tectonics- Challenge 2
5.15: Ocean-Continent Convergent Plates
5.16: Ocean-Ocean Convergent Plate Boundaries
5.17: Continent-Continent Convergent Plate Boundaries
5.18: Continental Margins
5.19: Supercontinent Cycle and Pangaea
5.20: Intraplate Activity
5.21: Plate Tectonics- Challenge 3
06: Geological Activity and Earthquakes
6.01: Geological Stresses
6.02: Principle of Horizontality
6.03: Folds
6.04: Faults
6.05: Mountain Building
6.06: Geological Activity and Earthquakes- Challenge 1
6.07: Earthquakes
6.08: Earthquake Zones
6.09: Earthquakes at Transform Plate Boundaries
6.10: Earthquakes at Convergent Plate Boundaries
6.11: Intraplate Earthquakes
6.12: Seismic Waves
6.13: Tsunami
6.14: 21st Century Tsunami
6.15: Geological Activity and Earthquakes- Challenge 2
6.16: Measuring Earthquake Magnitude
6.17: Locating Earthquake Epicenters
6.18: Earthquake Magnitude Scales
6.19: Predicting Earthquakes
6.20: Earthquake Damage
6.21: Earthquake Safe Structures
6.22: Staying Safe in an Earthquake
6.23: Geological Activity and Earthquakes- Challenge 3
07: Geological Activity and Volcanoes
7.01: Volcanoes
7.02: Volcanoes at Plate Boundaries
7.03: Volcanic Hot Spots
7.04: Magma Composition
7.05: Explosive Eruptions
7.06: Effusive Eruptions
7.07: Predicting Volcanic Eruptions
7.08: Geological Activity and Volcanoes- Challenge 1
7.09: Types of Volcanoes
7.10: Supervolcanoes
7.11: Volcanic Landforms
7.12: Hot Springs and Geysers
7.13: Geological Activity and Volcanoes- Challenge 2
08: Earth's Fresh Water
8.01: Distribution of Water on Earth
8.02: States of Water
8.03: The Water Cycle
8.04: Uses of Water
8.05: Water Distribution
8.06: Safety of Water
8.07: Conserving Water
8.08: Earth's Fresh Water- Challenge 1
8.09: Streams and Rivers
8.10: Ponds and Lakes
8.11: Flooding
8.12: Glaciers
8.13: Earth's Fresh Water- Challenge 2
8.14: Groundwater
8.15: Groundwater Aquifers
8.16: Springs and Geysers
8.17: Earth's Fresh Water- Challenge 3
8.18: Groundwater Depletion
8.19: Groundwater Pollution
8.20: Water Pollution
8.21: Protecting Water From Pollution
8.22: Cleaning Up Groundwater
8.23: Earth's Fresh Water- Challenge 4
09: Earth's Oceans
9.01: Importance of the Oceans
9.02: Seawater Chemistry
9.03: Ocean Zones
9.04: Earth's Oceans- Challenge 1
9.05: Wind Waves
9.06: Tides
9.07: Surface Currents
9.08: Ocean Currents and Climate
9.09: Deep Currents
9.10: Earth's Oceans- Challenge 2
9.11: Coastal Pollution
9.12: Ocean Garbage Patch
9.13: Oil Spills
9.14: Earth's Oceans- Challenge 3
10: Atmospheric Processes
10.01: Importance of the Atmosphere
10.02: Composition of the Atmosphere
10.03: Pressure and Density of the Atmosphere
10.04: Temperature of the Atmosphere
10.05: Atmospheric Processes- Challenge 1
10.06: Troposphere
10.07: Stratosphere
10.08: Mesophere
10.09: Thermosphere and Beyond
10.10: Atmospheric Processes- Challenge 2
10.11: Electromagnetic Energy in the Atmosphere
10.12: Solar Energy on Earth
10.13: Thermal Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
10.14: Heat Budget of Planet Earth
10.15: Solar Energy and Latitude
10.16: Greenhouse Effect
10.17: Atmospheric Processes- Challenge 3
10.18: Circulation in the Atmosphere
10.19: Local Winds
10.20: Global Wind Belts
10.21: Atmospheric Processes- Challenge 4
10.22: Air Quality
10.23: Types of Air Pollution
10.24: Effects of Air Pollution on the Environment
10.25: Causes of Air Pollution
10.26: Acid Rain
10.27: Ozone Depletion
10.28: Reducing Air Pollution
10.29: Atmospheric Processes- Challenge 5
11: Weather
11.01: Introduction to Weather
11.02: Humidity
11.03: Clouds
11.04: Fog
11.05: Precipitation
11.06: Air Masses
11.07: Fronts
11.08: Weather- Challenge 1
11.09: Thunderstorms
11.10: Tornadoes
11.11: Cyclones
11.12: Hurricanes
11.13: Blizzards
11.14: Heat Waves and Droughts
11.15: Weather- Challenge 2
11.16: Collecting Weather Data
11.17: Predicting Weather
11.18: Weather Maps
11.19: Weather- Challenge 3
12: Climate
12.01: Weather vs. Climate
12.02: Effect of Latitude on Climate
12.03: Effect of Atmospheric Circulation on Climate
12.04: Effect of Continental Position on Climate
12.05: Effect of Altitude and Mountains on Climate
12.06: Climate- Challenge 1
12.07: Climate Zones and Biomes
12.08: Tropical Moist Climates
12.09: Dry Climates
12.10: Temperate Climates
12.11: Continental Climates
12.12: Polar Climates
12.13: Climate- Challenge 2
12.14: Climate Change in Earth History
12.15: Short-Term Climate Change
12.16: Carbon Cycle and Climate
12.17: Global Warming
12.18: Causes and Effects of Global Warming
12.19: Impact of Continued Global Warming
12.20: Reducing Greenhouse Gas Pollution
12.21: Climate- Challenge 3
13: Weathering and Soils
13.01: Weathering and Erosion
13.02: Mechanical Weathering
13.03: Chemical Weathering
13.04: Influences on Weathering
13.05: Weathering and Soils- Challenge 1
13.06: Soil Characteristics
13.07: Soil Formation
13.08: Soil Horizons and Profiles
13.09: Types of Soils
13.10: Soil Erosion
13.11: Avoiding Soil Loss
13.12: Weathering and Soils- Challenge 2
14: Erosion and Deposition
14.01: Erosion by Streams
14.02: Deposition by Streams
14.03: Erosion by Groundwater
14.04: Deposition by Groundwater
14.05: Erosion and Deposition- Challenge 1
14.06: Erosion by Waves
14.07: Deposition by Waves
14.08: Protecting Shorelines
14.09: Erosion by Wind
14.10: Deposition by Wind
14.11: Erosion and Deposition- Challenge 2
14.12: Erosion by Glaciers
14.13: Deposition by Glaciers
14.14: Landforms from Erosion and Deposition
14.15: Erosion and Deposition- Challenge 3
15: Understanding Earth's History
15.01: How Fossilization Creates Fossils
15.02: Types of Fossilization
15.03: Earth History and Clues from Fossils
15.04: Understanding Earth's History- Challenge 1
15.05: Principles of Relative Dating
15.06: Determining Relative Ages
15.07: Correlation Using Relative Ages
15.08: Geologic Time Scale
15.09: Understanding Earth's History- Challenge 2
15.10: Tree Rings Ice Cores and Varves
15.11: Radioactive Decay as a Measure of Age
15.12: Radiometric Dating
15.13: Age of Earth
15.14: Understanding Earth's History- Challenge 3
16: Earth's History
16.01: Formation of the Sun and Planets
16.02: Formation of Earth
16.03: Formation of the Moon
16.04: Early Atmosphere and Oceans
16.05: Earth's History- Challenge 1
16.06: Precambrian Continents
16.07: Paleozoic Plate Tectonics
16.08: Paleozoic and Mesozoic Seas
16.09: Mesozoic Plate Tectonics
16.10: Cenozoic Plate Tectonics
16.11: Earth's History- Challenge 2
17: Evolution and Populations
17.01: Modern Biodiversity
17.02: Characteristics and Origins of Life
17.03: Metabolism and Replication
17.04: Adaptation and Evolution of Populations
17.05: Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
17.06: Population Size
17.07: Extinction and Radiation of Life
17.08: Evolution and Populations- Challenge 1
17.09: Growth of Human Populations
17.10: Agriculture and Human Population Growth
17.11: Revolutions in Human Population
17.12: Overpopulation and Over-Consumption
17.13: Future Human Population Growth
17.14: Sustainable Development
17.15: Evolution and Populations- Challenge 2
18: Ecosystems
18.01: Biological Communities
18.02: Roles in an Ecosystem
18.03: Flow of Energy in Ecosystems
18.04: Flow of Matter in Ecosystems
18.05: Nitrogen Cycle in Ecosystems
18.06: Ecosystems- Challenge 1
18.07: Fresh Water Ecosystems
18.08: Types of Marine Organisms
18.09: Marine Food Chains
18.10: Ocean Ecosystems
18.11: Ecosystems- Challenge 2
19: History of Life on Earth
19.01: Evolution of Simple Cells
19.02: Evolution of Eukaryotes to Multicellular Life
19.03: Life of the Phanerozoic Eon
19.04: History of Paleozoic Life
19.05: History of Mesozoic Life
19.06: History of Cenozoic Life
19.07: Human Evolution
19.08: Life and the Geologic Time Scale
19.09: History of Life on Earth- Challenge
20: Earth's Energy
20.01: Energy Resources
20.02: Obtaining Energy Resources
20.03: Energy Conservation
20.04: Renewable vs. Nonrenewable Energy Resources
20.05: Earth's Energy- Challenge 1
20.06: Fossil Fuel Formation
20.07: Coal Power
20.08: Petroleum Power
20.09: Natural Gas Power
20.10: Fossil Fuel Reserves
20.11: Nuclear Power
20.12: Earth's Energy- Challenge 2
20.13: Solar Energy
20.14: Hydroelectric Power
20.15: Wind Energy
20.16: Geothermal Energy
20.17: Biomass Energy
20.18: Earth's Energy- Challenge 3
21: Earth's Materials
21.01: Materials Humans Use
21.02: Renewable vs. Nonrenewable Resources
21.03: Ore Deposits
21.04: Ore Mines
21.05: Ore Extraction
21.06: Earth's Materials- Challenge 1
21.07: Environmental Impacts of Mining
21.08: Hazardous Waste
21.10: Earth's Materials- Challenge 2
21.11: Availability of Natural Resources
21.12: Natural Resource Conservation
21.13: Earth's Materials- Challenge 3
0921.8: Preventing Hazardous Waste Problems
22: The Solar System
05The Solar System: Challenge 1
22.01: Sun
22.02: Interior of the Sun
22.04: Surface Features of the Sun
22.06: Planets of the Solar System
22.07: Planet Orbits in the Solar System
22.08: Gravity in the Solar System
22.09: The Solar System- Challenge 2
22.10: Inner vs. Outer Planets
22.11: Mercury
22.12: Venus
22.13: Moon
22.14: Mars
22.15: The Solar System- Challenge 3
22.16: Jupiter
22.17: Saturn
22.18: Uranus
22.19: Neptune
22.20: The Solar System- Challenge 4
22.21: Exoplanets
22.22: Asteroids
22.23: Comets
22.24: Meteors
22.25: Dwarf Planets
22.26: The Solar System- Challenge 5
0322.3: Outer Layers of the Sun
23: Beyond the Solar System
23.01: Star Constellations
23.02: Star Power
23.03: Star Classification
23.04: Star Formation
23.05: Beyond the Solar System- Challenge 1
23.06: Main Sequence Star Lives
23.07: Red Giants and White Dwarfs
23.08: Supergiants and Supernovas
23.09: Neutron Stars and Black Holes
23.10: Beyond the Solar System- Challenge 2
23.11: Star Clusters
23.12: Galaxies
23.13: The Milky Way
23.14: Universe
23.15: Expansion of the Universe
23.16: Big Bang
23.17: Dark Matter
23.18: Beyond the Solar System- Challenge 3