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Organic Chemistry I

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Organic Chemistry I

Organic chemistry studies the structure, properties and reactions of organic compounds, which contain carbon in covalent bonding. Study of structure determines their structural formula. Study of properties includes physical and chemical properties, and evaluation of chemical reactivity to understand their behavior. The study of organic reactions includes the chemical synthesis of natural products, drugs, and polymers, and study of individual organic molecules in the laboratory and theoretically.

Chemistry
Author
Jeffrey Turk
Publisher
Alma College
Source
LibreTexts
License
CC BY-SA
Language
EN
Category
Basic Sciences
Read online Download PDF (open licence)
Contents· 126 sections
  1. 01: Structure and Bonding
  2. 1.01: Describing Chemical Bonds - Valence Bond Theory
  3. 1.02: Describing Chemical Bonds- Molecular Orbital Theory
  4. 1.03: Polar Covalent Bonds - Electronegativity
  5. 1.04: Development of Chemical Bonding Theory
  6. 1.05: Formal Charges
  7. 1.06: Drawing Chemical Structures
  8. 1.07: sp Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Methane
  9. 1.08: sp Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Ethane
  10. 1.09: sp Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Ethylene
  11. 1.10: sp Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Acetylene
  12. 1.11: Hybridization of Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus and Sulfur
  13. 1.12: Polar Covalent Bonds - Dipole Moments
  14. 02: Conjugation Resonance and Aromaticity
  15. 2.01: Conjugation Color and the Chemistry of Vision
  16. 2.02: Stability of Conjugated Dienes- Molecular Orbital Theory
  17. 2.03: Resonance
  18. 2.04: Rules for Resonance Forms
  19. 2.05: Drawing Resonance Forms
  20. 2.5.01: Orbital Picture of Delocalization
  21. 2.06: Structure and Stability of Benzene
  22. 2.07: Aromaticity and the Huckel 4n 2 Rule
  23. 2.08: Aromatic Ions
  24. 2.09: Aromatic Heterocycles - Pyridine and Pyrrole
  25. 2.10: Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds
  26. 03: Organic Compounds- Alkanes and Their Stereochemistry
  27. 3.01: Gasoline - A Deeper Look
  28. 3.02: Properties of Alkanes
  29. 3.03: Alkanes and Alkane Isomers
  30. 3.04: Alkyl Groups
  31. 3.05: Naming Alkanes
  32. 3.06: Conformations of Ethane
  33. 3.07: Conformations of Other Alkanes
  34. 04: Organic Compounds - Cycloalkanes and their Stereochemistry
  35. 4.01: Naming Cycloalkanes
  36. 4.02: Cis-Trans Isomerism in Cycloalkanes
  37. 4.03: Stability of Cycloalkanes - Ring Strain
  38. 4.04: Conformations of Cycloalkanes
  39. 4.05: Conformations of Cyclohexane
  40. 4.06: Axial and Equatorial Bonds in Cyclohexane
  41. 4.07: Conformations of Monosubstituted Cyclohexanes
  42. 4.08: Conformations of Disubstituted Cyclohexanes
  43. 4.09: Conformations of Polycyclic Molecules
  44. 05: Stereochemistry at Tetrahedral Centers
  45. 5.01: Chapter Objectives and Introduction
  46. 5.02: Optical Activity
  47. 5.03: Chirality in Nature and Chiral Environments
  48. 5.04: Enantiomers and the Tetrahedral Carbon
  49. 5.05: The Reason for Handedness in Molecules - Chirality
  50. 5.06: Sequence Rules for Specifying Configuration
  51. 5.07: Diastereomers
  52. 5.08: Meso Compounds
  53. 5.09: Racemic Mixtures and the Resolution of Enantiomers
  54. 5.10: Chirality at Nitrogen Phosphorus and Sulfur
  55. 5.11: Prochirality
  56. 06: An Overview of Organic Reactions
  57. 6.01: Kinds of Organic Reactions
  58. 6.02: How Organic Reactions Occur - Mechanisms
  59. 6.03: Radical Reactions
  60. 6.04: Polar Reactions
  61. 6.05: An Example of a Polar Reaction - Addition of HBr to Ethylene
  62. 6.06: Using Curved Arrows in Polar Reaction Mechanisms
  63. 6.07: Describing a Reaction - Equilibria Rates and Energy Changes
  64. 6.08: Describing a Reaction - Bond Dissociation Energies
  65. 6.09: Describing a Reaction - Energy Diagrams and Transition States
  66. 6.10: Describing a Reaction- Intermediates
  67. 6.11: A Comparison between Biological Reactions and Laboratory Reactions
  68. 6.12: Oxidation and Reduction in Organic Chemistry
  69. 07: Acids and Bases
  70. 7.01: Acids and Bases - The Brnsted-Lowry Definition
  71. 7.02: Acid and Base Strength
  72. 7.03: Predicting Acid-Base Reactions from pKa Values
  73. 7.04: Organic Acids and Organic Bases
  74. 7.05: Acids and Bases - The Lewis Definition
  75. 08: Organohalides- Radical Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkenes
  76. 8.01: Introduction to Organohalides
  77. 8.02: Names and Properties of Alkyl Halides
  78. 8.03: Preparing Alkyl Halides from Alkanes - Radical Halogenation
  79. 8.04: Preparing Alkyl Halides from Alkenes - Allylic Bromination
  80. 8.05: Stability of the Allyl Radical - Resonance Revisited
  81. 09: Reactions of Alkyl Halides- Nucleophilic Substitutions and Eliminations
  82. 9.01: Introduction
  83. 9.02: The Discovery of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
  84. 9.03: The SN2 Reaction
  85. 9.04: Characteristics of the SN2 Reaction
  86. 9.05: The SN1 Reaction
  87. 9.06: Characteristics of the SN1 Reaction
  88. 9.07: Biological Substitution Reactions
  89. 9.08: Elimination Reactions- Zaitsev's Rule
  90. 9.09: The E2 Reaction and the Deuterium Isotope Effect
  91. 9.10: The E2 Reaction and Cyclohexane Conformation
  92. 9.11: The E1 and E1cB Reactions
  93. 9.12: Biological Elimination Reactions
  94. 9.13: A Summary of Reactivity - SN1 SN2 E1 E1cB and E2
  95. 10: Alkenes- Structure and Reactivity
  96. 10.01: Introduction to Alkenes
  97. 10.02: Industrial Preparation and Use of Alkenes
  98. 10.03: Naming Alkenes
  99. 10.04: Cis-Trans Isomerism in Alkenes
  100. 10.05: Sequence Rules - The EZ Designation
  101. 10.06: Stability of Alkenes
  102. 10.07: Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkenes
  103. 10.08: Orientation of Electrophilic Additions - Markovnikov's Rule
  104. 10.09: Carbocation Structure and Stability
  105. 10.10: The Hammond Postulate
  106. 10.11: Evidence for the Mechanism of Electrophilic Additions - Carbocation Rearrangements
  107. 11: Alkenes- Reactions and Synthesis
  108. 11.01: Chapter Objectives
  109. 11.02: Preparation of Alkenes - A Preview of Elimination Reactions
  110. 11.03: Halogenation of Alkenes - Addition of X
  111. 11.04: Halohydrins from Alkenes - Addition of HOX
  112. 11.05: Hydration of Alkenes - Addition of HO by Oxymercuration
  113. 11.06: Hydration of Alkenes - Addition of HO by Hydroboration
  114. 11.07: Reduction of Alkenes - Hydrogenation
  115. 11.08: Oxidation of Alkenes to Vicinal Diols
  116. 11.09: Oxidation of Alkenes - Cleavage to Carbonyl Compounds
  117. 12: Alkynes - An Introduction to Organic Synthesis
  118. 12.01: Naming Alkynes
  119. 12.02: Preparation of Alkynes - Elimination Reactions of Dihalides
  120. 12.03: Alkylation of Acetylide Anions
  121. 12.04: Alkyne Acidity - Formation of Acetylide Anions
  122. 12.05: Reactions of Alkynes - Addition of HX and X
  123. 12.06: Hydration of Alkynes
  124. 12.07: Reduction of Alkynes
  125. 12.08: Oxidative Cleavage of Alkynes
  126. 12.09: An Introduction to Organic Synthesis