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Organic Chemistry Lab Techniques

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Organic Chemistry Lab Techniques

In this resource you will find theory and procedures on the main organic lab techniques (chromatography, crystallization, extraction, distillation) as well as general concepts on how to set up and heat apparatuses (see the Table of Contents tab for a more complete listing of topics). All procedures are accompanied by step-by-step pictures, and graphics are heavily utilized throughout the resource.

Chemistry
Author
Lisa Nichols
Publisher
Butte College
Source
LibreTexts
License
CC BY-NC-ND
Language
EN
Category
Basic Sciences
Read online Download PDF (open licence)
Contents· 172 sections
  1. 01: General Techniques
  2. 1.01: Prelude to General Techniques
  3. 1.02: Glassware and Equipment
  4. 1.2A: Pictures of Glassware and Equipment
  5. 1.2B: Ground Glass Joints
  6. 1.2C: Clamping
  7. 1.2D: Greasing Joints
  8. 1.2E: Cleaning Glassware
  9. 1.2F: Drying Glassware
  10. 1.2G: 1.1G- Storing Samples (Parafilm
  11. 1.01: Storing Samples (Parafilm
  12. Teflon Tape)
  13. 1.03: Transferring Methods
  14. 1.3A: Transferring Methods - Solids
  15. 1.3B: Transferring Methods - Liquids
  16. 1.3C: Transferring Methods - Inert Atmospheric Methods
  17. 1.04: Heating and Cooling Methods
  18. 1.4A: Methods and Flammability
  19. 1.4B: Controlled Boiling
  20. 1.4C: Adjustable Platforms
  21. 1.4D: Bunsen Burners
  22. 1.4E: Hotplates
  23. 1.4F: Steam Baths
  24. 1.4G: Heating Mantles
  25. 1.4H: Water Sand and Oil Baths
  26. 1.4I: Heat Guns
  27. 1.4J: Cooling Baths
  28. 1.4K: Reflux
  29. 1.05: Filtering Methods
  30. 1.5A: Overview of Methods
  31. 1.5B: Decanting
  32. 1.5C: Gravity Filtration
  33. 1.5D: Suction Filtration
  34. 1.5E: Hot Filtration
  35. 1.5F: Pipette Filtration (Microscale)
  36. 1.5G: Centrifugation
  37. 02: Chromatography
  38. 2.01: Prelude to Chromatography
  39. 2.02: Chromatography Generalities
  40. 2.2A: Overview of Chromatography
  41. 2.2B: General Separation Theory
  42. 2.03: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
  43. 2.3A: Overview of TLC
  44. 2.3B: Uses of TLC
  45. 2.3C: The Retention Factor
  46. 2.3D: Separation Theory
  47. 2.3E: Step-by-Step Procedures for Thin Layer Chromatography
  48. 2.3F: Visualizing TLC Plates
  49. 2.04: Column Chromatography
  50. 2.4A: Macroscale Columns
  51. 2.4B: Microscale (Pipette) Columns
  52. 2.05: Gas Chromatography (GC)
  53. 2.5A: Overview of GC
  54. 2.5B: Uses of Gas Chromatography
  55. 2.5C: Separation Theory
  56. 2.5D: Quantitating with GC
  57. 2.5E: GC Parameters
  58. 2.5F: Sample Preparation for Gas Chromatography
  59. 03: Crystallization
  60. 3.01: Overview of Crystallization
  61. 3.02: Uses of Crystallization
  62. 3.2A: Reagent Purification
  63. 3.2B: Purification of Product Mixtures
  64. 3.03: Choice of Solvent
  65. 3.3A: Ideal Temperature Profile
  66. 3.3B: General Procedures for Removing Impurities
  67. 3.3C: Determining Which Solvent to Use
  68. 3.3D: Using Solubility Data
  69. 3.3E: Experimentally Testing Solvents
  70. 3.3F: Mixed Solvents
  71. 3.04: Crystallization Theory
  72. 3.4A: Purification
  73. 3.4B: Cooling Slowly
  74. 3.4C: Using the Minimum Amount of Hot Solvent
  75. 3.4D: The Unavoidable Loss of Recovery
  76. 3.4E: Quantitating Crystallization
  77. 3.4F: Second Crop Crystallization
  78. 3.05: Procedural Generalities
  79. 3.5A: General Procedure
  80. 3.5B: Heat Source and Bump Prevention
  81. 3.5C: Charcoal
  82. 3.5D: Cooling Slowly
  83. 3.5E: Initiating Crystallization
  84. 3.06: Step-by-Step Procedures
  85. 3.6A: Single Solvent Crystallization
  86. 3.6B: Crystallization Summary
  87. 3.6C: Using Solvents Other Than Water
  88. 3.6D: Mixed Solvent Crystallization
  89. 3.6E: Mixed Solvent Summary
  90. 3.6F: Troubleshooting
  91. 04: Extraction
  92. 4.01: Prelude to Extraction
  93. 4.02: Overview of Extraction
  94. 4.03: Uses of Extraction
  95. 4.04: Which Layer is Which
  96. 4.05: Extraction Theory
  97. 4.06: Step-by-Step Procedures For Extractions
  98. 4.07: Reaction Work-Ups
  99. 4.08: Acid-Base Extraction
  100. 05: Distillation
  101. 5.01: Overview of Distillation
  102. 5.02: Simple Distillation
  103. 5.2A: Uses of Simple Distillation
  104. 5.2B: Separation Theory
  105. 5.2C: Step-by-Step Procedures
  106. 5.2D: Microscale Distillation
  107. 5.03: Fractional Distillation
  108. 5.3A: Theory of Fractional Distillation
  109. 5.3B: Fractionating Columns
  110. 5.3C: Uses of Fractional Distillation
  111. 5.3D: Step-by-Step Procedures for Fractional Distillation
  112. 5.04: Vacuum Distillation
  113. 5.4A: Overview of Vacuum Distillation
  114. 5.4B: Predicting the Boiling Temperature
  115. 5.4C: Step-by-Step Procedures for Vacuum Distillation
  116. 5.05: Steam Distillation
  117. 5.5A: Overview of Steam Distillation
  118. 5.5B: Uses of Steam Distillation
  119. 5.5C: Separation Theory
  120. 5.5D: Step-by-Step Procedures for Steam Distillation
  121. 5.06: Rotary Evaporation
  122. 5.6A: Overview of Rotary Evaporation
  123. 5.6B: Step-by-Step Procedures for Rotary Evaporation
  124. 5.6C: Troubleshooting Rotary Evaporation
  125. 06: Miscellaneous Techniques
  126. 6.01: Melting Point
  127. 6.1A: Overview of Melting Point
  128. 6.1B: Uses of Melting Points
  129. 6.1C: Melting Point Theory
  130. 6.1D: Step-by-Step Procedures for Melting Point Determination
  131. 6.1E: Mixed Melting Points
  132. 6.02: Boiling Point
  133. 6.2A: Overview of Boiling Point
  134. 6.2B: Step-by-Step Procedures for Boiling Point Determination
  135. 6.03: Sublimation
  136. 6.3A: Overview of Sublimation
  137. 6.3B: Step-by-Step Procedures for Sublimation in the Laboratory
  138. 6.04: Chemical Tests
  139. 6.4A: Overview of Chemical Tests
  140. 6.4B: Flowcharts
  141. 6.4C: Chemical Test Summary
  142. 6.4D: Individual Tests
  143. 07: Technique Summaries
  144. 7.01: Flame-Drying Glassware
  145. 7.02: Using Calibrated Glass Pipettes
  146. 7.03: Inert Atmospheric Methods
  147. 7.04: Reflux
  148. 7.05: Suction Filtration
  149. 7.06: Hot Filtration
  150. 7.07: Thin Layer Chromatography
  151. 7.08: TLC Visualization Methods
  152. 7.09: Macroscale Column Chromatography
  153. 7.10: Pipette Column Chromatography
  154. 7.11: Testing Solvents for Crystallization
  155. 7.12: Testing Mixed Solvents for Crystallization
  156. 7.13: Single Solvent Crystallization
  157. 7.14: Mixed Solvent Crystallization
  158. 7.15: Single Extraction
  159. 7.16: Multiple Extraction
  160. 7.17: Microscale Extractions
  161. 7.18: Testing the pH After a Wash
  162. 7.19: Using Drying Agents
  163. 7.20: Acid-Base Extraction
  164. 7.21: Simple Distillation
  165. 7.22: Fractional Distillation
  166. 7.23: Vacuum Distillation
  167. 7.24: Steam Distillation
  168. 7.25: Rotary Evaporation
  169. 7.26: Melting Points
  170. 7.27: Boiling Points (Thiele Tube)
  171. 7.28: Vacuum Sublimation
  172. 08: About the Author - Lisa Nichols