Phu Xuan University Library
|
PXU E-LIB
Sign in
Fundamentals of General Organic and Biological Chemistry

External

Fundamentals of General Organic and Biological Chemistry

This Textmap is an introductory chemistry text aimed for a single semester or quarter beginning experience to the chemistry field. This Textmap surveys some of the basic topics of chemistry and should give students enough knowledge to appreciate the impact of chemistry in everyday life and, if necessary, prepare students for additional instruction in chemistry.

Introductory ChemistryChemistry
Author
LibreTexts
Publisher
LibreTexts
Source
LibreTexts
License
CC BY-NC-SA
Language
EN
Category
Basic Sciences
Read online Download PDF (open licence)
Contents· 281 sections
  1. 01: Matter and Measurements
  2. 1.01: Chemistry - The Central Science
  3. 1.02: States of Matter
  4. 1.03: Classification of Matter
  5. 1.04: Chemical Elements and Symbols
  6. 1.05: Chemical Reactions- Examples of Chemical Change
  7. 1.06: Physical Quantities - Units and Scientific Notation
  8. 1.07: Measuring Mass Length and Volume
  9. 1.08: Measurement and Significant Figures
  10. 1.09: Rounding Off Numbers
  11. 1.10: Problem Solving - Unit Conversions and Estimating Answers
  12. 1.11: Temperature Heat and Energy
  13. 1.12: Density and Specific Gravity
  14. 02: Atoms and the Periodic Table
  15. 2.01: Atomic Theory and the Structure of Atoms
  16. 2.02: Elements and Atomic Number
  17. 2.03: Isotopes and Atomic Weight
  18. 2.04: The Periodic Table
  19. 2.05: Some Characteristics of Different Groups
  20. 2.06: Electronic Structure of Atoms
  21. 2.07: Electron Configurations
  22. 2.08: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
  23. 2.09: Electron-Dot Symbols
  24. 03: Ionic Compounds
  25. 3.01: Ions
  26. 3.02: Ions and the Octet Rule
  27. 3.03: Ions of Some Common Elements
  28. 3.04: Periodic Properties and Ion Formation
  29. 3.05: Naming Monoatomic Ions
  30. 3.06: Polyatomic Ions
  31. 3.07: Ionic Bonds
  32. 3.08: Formulas of Ionic Compounds
  33. 3.09: Naming Ionic Compounds
  34. 3.10: Some Properties of Ionic Compounds
  35. 3.11: H and OH Ions - An Introduction to Acids and Bases
  36. 04: Molecular Compounds
  37. 4.01: Covalent Bonds
  38. 4.02: Covalent Bonds and the Periodic Table
  39. 4.03: Multiple Covalent Bonds
  40. 4.04: Coordinate Covalent Bonds
  41. 4.05: Characteristics of Molecular Compounds
  42. 4.06: Molecular Formulas and Lewis Structures
  43. 4.07: Drawing Lewis Structures
  44. 4.08: The Shapes of Molecules
  45. 4.09: Polar Covalent Bonds and Electronegativity
  46. 4.10: Polar Molecules
  47. 4.11: Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
  48. 05: Classification and Balancing of Chemical Reactions
  49. 5.01: Chemical Equations
  50. 5.02: Balancing Chemical Equations
  51. 5.03: Precipitation Reactions and Solubility Guidelines
  52. 5.04: Acids Bases and Neutralization Reactions
  53. 5.05: Redox Reactions
  54. 5.06: Recognizing Redox Reactions
  55. 5.07: Net Ionic Equations
  56. 06: Chemical Reactions - Mole and Mass Relationships
  57. 6.01: The Mole and Avogadros Number
  58. 6.02: Gram-Mole Conversions
  59. 6.03: Mole Relationships and Chemical Equations
  60. 6.04: Mass Relationships and Chemical Equations
  61. 6.05: Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield
  62. 07: Chemical Reactions - Energy Rates and Equilibrium
  63. 7.01: Energy and Chemical Bonds
  64. 7.02: Heat Changes during Chemical Reactions
  65. 7.03: Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
  66. 7.04: Why Do Chemical Reactions Occur Free Energy
  67. 7.05: How Do Chemical Reactions Occur Reaction Rates
  68. 7.06: Effects of Temperature Concentration and Catalysts on Reaction Rates
  69. 7.07: Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibrium
  70. 7.08: Equilibrium Equations and Equilibrium Constants
  71. 7.09: Le Chateliers Principle- The Effect of Changing Conditions on Equilibria
  72. 08: Gases Liquids and Solids
  73. 8.01: States of Matter and Their Changes
  74. 8.02: Intermolecular Forces
  75. 8.03: Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory
  76. 8.04: Pressure
  77. 8.05: Boyles Law - The Relation between Volume and Pressure
  78. 8.06: Charless Law- The Relation between Volume and Temperature
  79. 8.07: Gay-Lussac's Law- The Relationship Between Pressure and Temperature
  80. 8.08: The Combined Gas Law
  81. 8.09: Avogadros Law - The Relation between Volume and Molar Amount
  82. 8.10: The Ideal Gas Law
  83. 8.11: Partial Pressure and Dalton's Law
  84. 8.12: Liquids
  85. 8.13: Solids
  86. 8.14: Changes of State Calculations
  87. 09: Solutions
  88. 9.01: Mixtures and Solutions
  89. 9.02: The Solution Process
  90. 9.03: Solubility
  91. 9.04: The Effect of Temperature on Solubility
  92. 9.05: The Effect of Pressure on Solubility - Henrys Law
  93. 9.06: Units of Concentration
  94. 9.07: Dilution
  95. 9.08: Ions in Solution - Electrolytes
  96. 9.09: Properties of Solutions
  97. 9.10: Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
  98. 9.11: Dialysis
  99. 10: Acids and Bases
  100. 10.01: Acids and Bases Definitions
  101. 10.02: Acid and Base Strength
  102. 10.03: Acid Dissociation Constants
  103. 10.04: Water as Both an Acid and a Base
  104. 10.05: Measuring Acidity in Aqueous Solutions- The pH Scale
  105. 10.06: Working with pH
  106. 10.07: Acid and Base Equivalents
  107. 10.08: Some Common Acid-Base Reactions
  108. 10.09: Acidity and Basicity of Salt Solutions
  109. 10.10: Buffer Solutions
  110. 10.11: Titration
  111. 11: Nuclear Chemistry
  112. 11.01: Nuclear Reactions
  113. 11.02: The Discovery and Nature of Radioactivity
  114. 11.03: Stable and Unstable Isotopes
  115. 11.04: Nuclear Decay
  116. 11.05: Radioactive Half-Life
  117. 11.06: Ionizing Radiation
  118. 11.07: Detecting and Measuring Radiation
  119. 11.08: Artificial Transmutation
  120. 11.09: Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
  121. 12: Introduction to Organic Chemistry - Alkanes
  122. 12.01: The Nature of Organic Molecules
  123. 12.02: Families of Organic Molecules - Functional Groups
  124. 12.03: The Structure of Organic Molecules - Alkanes and Their Isomers
  125. 12.04: Drawing Organic Structures
  126. 12.05: The Shapes of Organic Molecules
  127. 12.06: Naming Alkanes
  128. 12.07: Properties of Alkanes
  129. 12.08: Reactions of Alkanes
  130. 12.09: Cycloalkanes
  131. 12.10: Drawing and Naming Cycloalkanes
  132. 13: Alkenes Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds
  133. 13.01: Alkenes and Alkynes
  134. 13.02: Naming Alkenes and Alkynes
  135. 13.03: The Structure of Alkenes- Cis-Trans Isomerism
  136. 13.04: Properties of Alkenes and Alkynes
  137. 13.05: Types of Organic Reactions
  138. 13.06: Addition Reactions of Alkenes
  139. 13.07: Alkene Polymers
  140. 13.08: Aromatic Compounds and the Structure of Benzene
  141. 13.09: Naming Aromatic Compounds
  142. 13.10: Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
  143. 14: Some Compounds with Oxygen Sulfur or a Halogen
  144. 14.01: Alcohols Phenols and Ethers
  145. 14.02: Naming Alcohols
  146. 14.03: Properties of Alcohols
  147. 14.04: Reactions of Alcohols
  148. 14.05: Phenols
  149. 14.06: Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
  150. 14.07: Ethers
  151. 14.08: Thiols and Disulfides
  152. 14.09: Halogen-Containing Compounds
  153. 14.10: Stereochemistry and Chirality
  154. 15: Aldehydes and Ketones
  155. 15.01: The Carbonyl Group
  156. 15.02: Naming Aldehydes and Ketones
  157. 15.03: Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
  158. 15.04: Some Common Aldehydes and Ketones
  159. 15.05: Oxidation of Aldehydes
  160. 15.06: Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
  161. 15.07: Addition of Alcohols - Hemiacetals and Acetals
  162. 16: Amines
  163. 16.01: Classifying Amines
  164. 16.02: Naming and Drawing Amines
  165. 16.03: Properties of Amines
  166. 16.04: Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds
  167. 16.05: Basicity of Amines
  168. 16.06: Amine Salts
  169. 16.07: Amines in Plants- Alkaloids
  170. 17: Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives
  171. 17.01: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives- Properties and Names
  172. 17.02: Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
  173. 17.03: Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Ester and Amide Formation
  174. 17.04: Hydrolysis of Esters and Amides
  175. 17.05: Polyamides and Polyesters
  176. 17.06: Phosphoric Acid Derivatives
  177. 18: Amino Acids and Proteins
  178. 18.01: An Introduction to Biochemistry
  179. 18.02: Proteins and Their Functions- An Overview
  180. 18.03: Amino Acids
  181. 18.04: Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids
  182. 18.05: Peptides
  183. 18.06: Protein Structure- An Overview and Primary Protein Structure
  184. 18.07: Secondary Protein Structure
  185. 18.08: Tertiary Protein Structure
  186. 18.09: Quaternary Protein Structure
  187. 18.10: Chemical Properties of Proteins
  188. 19: Enzymes and Vitamins
  189. 19.01: Catalysis by Enzymes
  190. 19.02: Enzyme Cofactors
  191. 19.03: Enzyme Classification
  192. 19.04: How Enzymes Work
  193. 19.05: Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
  194. 19.06: Enzyme Regulation - Inhibition
  195. 19.07: Enzyme Regulation- Allosteric Control and Feedback Inhibition
  196. 19.08: Enzyme Regulation - Covalent Modification and Genetic Control
  197. 19.09: Vitamins Antioxidants and Minerals
  198. 20: Carbohydrates
  199. 20.01: An Introduction to Carbohydrates
  200. 20.02: Handedness of Carbohydrates
  201. 20.03: Structure of Glucose and Other Monosaccharides
  202. 20.04: Some Important Monosaccharides
  203. 20.05: Reactions of Monosaccharides
  204. 20.06: Common Disaccharides
  205. 20.07: Some Important Polysaccharides Based on Glucose
  206. 21: The Generation of Biochemical Energy
  207. 21.01: Energy Life and Biochemical Reactions
  208. 21.02: Cells and Their Structure
  209. 21.03: An Overview of Metabolism and Energy Production
  210. 21.04: Strategies of Metabolism - ATP and Energy Transfer
  211. 21.05: Strategies of Metabolism - Metabolic Pathways and Coupled Reactions
  212. 21.06: Strategies of Metabolism- Oxidized and Reduced Coenzymes
  213. 21.07: The Citric Acid Cycle
  214. 21.08: The Electron-Transport Chain and ATP Production
  215. 22: Carbohydrate Metabolism
  216. 22.01: Digestion of Carbohydrates
  217. 22.02: Glucose Metabolism - An Overview
  218. 22.03: Glycolysis
  219. 22.04: Entry of Other Sugars into Glycolysis
  220. 22.05: The Fate of Pyruvate
  221. 22.06: Energy Output in Complete Glucose Catabolism
  222. 22.07: Regulation of Glucose Metabolism and Metabolism During Stress
  223. 22.08: Glycogen Metabolism- Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis
  224. 22.09: Gluconeogenesis- Glucose Synthesis from Noncarbohydrates
  225. 23: Lipids
  226. 23.01: Structure and Classification of Lipids
  227. 23.02: Fatty Acids and Their Esters
  228. 23.03: Properties of Fats and Oils
  229. 23.04: Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols
  230. 23.05: Phospholipids and Glycolipids
  231. 23.06: Steroids
  232. 23.07: Cell Membranes- Structure and Transport
  233. 24: Lipid Metabolism
  234. 24.01: Digestion of Triacylglycerols
  235. 24.02: Lipoproteins for Lipid Transport
  236. 24.03: Triacylglycerol Metabolism - An Overview
  237. 24.04: Storage and Mobilization of Triacylglycerols
  238. 24.05: Oxidation of Fatty Acids
  239. 24.06: Ketone Bodies and Ketoacidosis
  240. 24.07: Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids
  241. 25: Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism
  242. 25.01: Digestion of Proteins
  243. 25.02: Amino Acid Metabolism - An Overview
  244. 25.03: Amino Acid Catabolism - The Amino Group
  245. 25.04: The Urea Cycle
  246. 25.05: Amino Acid Catabolism - The Carbon Atoms
  247. 25.06: Biosynthesis of Nonessential Amino Acids
  248. 26: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
  249. 26.01: DNA Chromosomes and Genes
  250. 26.02: Composition of Nucleic Acids
  251. 26.03: The Structure of Nucleic Acid Chains
  252. 26.04: Base Pairing in DNA- The Watson-Crick Model
  253. 26.05: Nucleic Acids and Heredity
  254. 26.06: Replication of DNA
  255. 26.07: Structure and Function of RNA
  256. 26.08: Transcription - RNA Synthesis
  257. 26.09: The Genetic Code
  258. 26.10: Translation- tRNA and Protein Synthesis
  259. 27: Genomics
  260. 27.01: Mapping the Human Genome
  261. 27.02: DNA and Chromosomes
  262. 27.03: Mutations and Polymorphisms
  263. 27.04: Recombinant DNA
  264. 27.05: Genomics- Using What We Know
  265. 28: Chemical Messengers- Hormones Neurotransmitters and Drugs
  266. 28.01: Messenger Molecules
  267. 28.02: Hormones and the Endocrine System
  268. 28.03: How Hormones Work - Epinephrine and Fight-or-Flight
  269. 28.04: Amino Acid Derivatives and Polypeptides as Hormones
  270. 28.05: Neurotransmitters
  271. 28.06: How Neurotransmitters Work- Acetylcholine Its Agonists and Antagonists
  272. 28.07: Histamines Antihistamines and Important Neurotransmitters
  273. 29: Body Fluids
  274. 29.01: Body Water and Its Solutes
  275. 29.02: Fluid Balance
  276. 29.03: Blood
  277. 29.04: Plasma Proteins White Blood Cells and Immunity
  278. 29.05: Blood Clotting
  279. 29.06: Red Blood Cells and Blood Gases
  280. 29.07: The Kidney and Urine Formation
  281. 29.08: Urine Composition and Function