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Introduction to Ocean Sciences 6e

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Introduction to Ocean Sciences 6e

Introduction to Ocean Sciences explores the role of the ocean in the Earth system, with special emphasis on the flow of water and energy, the physical and chemical properties of ocean water, ocean circulation, marine life and habitats, interactions between the ocean and the other components of the Earth system, and the human impacts on and responses to those interactions. This book provides the physical, chemical, geological, and biological foundations for understanding Earth's ocean.

Geosciences
Author
Douglas A. Segar
Publisher
American Meteorological Society
Source
LibreTexts
License
CC BY-NC-ND
Language
EN
Category
Basic Sciences
Read online Download PDF (open licence)
Contents· 250 sections
  1. 01: The Ocean Planet
  2. 1.01: The Ocean's and Earth's Environment
  3. 1.02: Oceans and the Origins of Life
  4. 1.03: How to Study Ocean Data
  5. 1.04: Chapter Summary
  6. 1.4.01: Key Terms
  7. 1.4.02: Chapter Questions
  8. 1.4.03: References
  9. 02: History and Importance of Ocean Studies
  10. 2.01: What is Oceanography
  11. 2.02: Exploration and Mapping
  12. 2.03: National and International Law Applied to Oceans
  13. 2.04: Ocean Resources
  14. 2.05: Chapter Summary
  15. 2.5.01: Key Terms
  16. 2.5.02: Chapter Questions
  17. 2.5.03: References
  18. 03: Studying the Oceans
  19. 3.01: Difficulties of Studying the Ocean Environment
  20. 3.02: The Unseen Domain
  21. 3.03: Bathymetry
  22. 3.04: Seafloor Sediments
  23. 3.05: Chemical and Physical Oceanography
  24. 3.06: Sampling Living Organisms in the Sea
  25. 3.07: Scuba Manned and Unmanned Submersibles
  26. 3.08: Satellites
  27. 3.09: Computers and Modeling
  28. 3.10: Chapter Summary
  29. 3.10.01: Key Terms
  30. 3.10.02: Chapter Questions
  31. 3.10.03: References
  32. 04: Plate Tectonics-Evolution of the Ocean Floor
  33. 4.01: Structure of the Earth
  34. 4.02: Plate Tectonics
  35. 4.03: Plate Boundaries
  36. 4.04: Convergent Plate Boundaries
  37. 4.05: Divergent Plate Boundaries
  38. 4.06: Transform Faults and Fracture Zones
  39. 4.07: Hot Spots
  40. 4.08: Plate Interiors
  41. 4.09: Sea-Level Change and Climate
  42. 4.10: Present-Day Oceans
  43. 4.11: Chapter Summary
  44. 4.11.01: Key Terms
  45. 4.11.02: Chapter Questions
  46. 4.11.03: References
  47. 05: Water and Seawater
  48. 5.01: Origins and Distribution of the Earth's Water
  49. 5.02: The Water Molecule
  50. 5.03: The Dissolving Power of Water
  51. 5.04: Sources and Sinks of Chemicals Dissolved in Seawater
  52. 5.05: Salinity
  53. 5.06: Dissolved Chemicals in Seawater
  54. 5.07: Heat Properties of Water
  55. 5.08: Effects of Pressure Temperature and Dissolved Salts on Seawater
  56. 5.09: Ice Formation
  57. 5.10: Surface Tension and Viscosity
  58. 5.11: Transmission of Light and Other Electromagnetic Radiation
  59. 5.12: Transmission of Sound
  60. 5.13: Chapter Summary
  61. 5.13.01: Key Terms
  62. 5.13.02: Chapter Questions
  63. 5.13.03: References
  64. 06: Ocean Sediments
  65. 6.01: Sediments and Biogeochemical Cycles
  66. 6.02: Classification of Sediments
  67. 6.03: Lithogenous Sediments
  68. 6.04: Biogenous Sediments
  69. 6.05: Hydrogenous Sediments
  70. 6.06: Cosmogenous Sediments
  71. 6.07: Sediment Transport Deposition and Accumulation
  72. 6.08: Continental Margin Sediments
  73. 6.09: Distribution of Surface Sediments
  74. 6.10: The Sediment Historical Record
  75. 6.11: Chapter Summary
  76. 6.11.01: Key Terms
  77. 6.11.02: Chapter Questions
  78. 6.11.03: References
  79. 07: Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions
  80. 7.01: The Atmosphere
  81. 7.02: Water Vapor in the Atmosphere
  82. 7.03: Water and Heat Budgets
  83. 7.04: Climatic Winds
  84. 7.05: Climate and Ocean Surface Water Properties
  85. 7.06: Interannual Climate Variations
  86. 7.07: Land-Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions
  87. 7.08: Global Climate Zones
  88. 7.09: Weather Systems
  89. 7.10: Local Weather Effects
  90. 7.11: Chapter Summary
  91. 7.11.01: Key Terms
  92. 7.11.02: Chapter Questions
  93. 7.11.03: References
  94. 08: Ocean Circulation
  95. 8.01: Energy Sources
  96. 8.02: Wind-Driven Currents
  97. 8.03: Ekman Motion
  98. 8.04: Geostrophic Currents
  99. 8.05: Open-Ocean Surface Currents
  100. 8.06: Equatorial Surface Currents
  101. 8.07: High-Latitude Surface Currents
  102. 8.08: Upwelling and Downwelling
  103. 8.09: Coastal Currents
  104. 8.10: Eddies
  105. 8.11: Inertial Currents
  106. 8.12: Langmuir Circulation
  107. 8.13: Thermohaline Circulation
  108. 8.14: Ocean Circulation and Climate
  109. 8.15: Tracing Water Masses
  110. 8.16: Chapter Summary
  111. 8.16.01: Key Terms
  112. 8.16.02: Chapter Questions
  113. 8.16.03: References
  114. 8.17: Box 1- Westward Intensification
  115. 8.18: Box 2 - Equatorial Currents
  116. 09: Waves
  117. 9.01: Complexity of Ocean Waves
  118. 9.02: Progressive Waves
  119. 9.03: What is Wave Motion
  120. 9.04: Making Waves
  121. 9.05: Sea Development and Wave Height
  122. 9.06: Wave Dissipation
  123. 9.07: Deep-Water Waves
  124. 9.08: Waves in Shallow Water
  125. 9.09: Tsunamis
  126. 9.10: Internal Waves
  127. 9.11: Rossby and Kelvin Waves
  128. 9.12: Standing Waves
  129. 9.13: Chapter Summary
  130. 9.13.01: Key Terms
  131. 9.13.02: Chapter Questions
  132. 9.13.03: References
  133. 10: Tides
  134. 10.01: Tide-Generating Forces
  135. 10.02: Characteristics of Tides
  136. 10.03: Tides on an Ocean Covered Earth
  137. 10.04: Tides in the Earth's Oceans
  138. 10.05: Tides in the Open Ocean
  139. 10.06: Tidal Currents
  140. 10.07: Tide Prediction
  141. 10.08: Marine Species and the Rhythm of Tides
  142. 10.09: Energy from Tides
  143. 10.10: Chapter Summary
  144. 10.10.01: Key Terms
  145. 10.10.02: Chapter Questions
  146. 10.10.03: References
  147. 11: Coasts
  148. 11.01: Processes that Form and Modify the Coast
  149. 11.02: Beaches
  150. 11.03: Barrier Islands and Lagoons
  151. 11.04: Beaches and Human Structures
  152. 11.05: Coral Reefs and Atolls
  153. 11.06: Wetlands
  154. 11.07: Deltas
  155. 11.08: Chapter Summary
  156. 11.8.01: Key Terms
  157. 11.8.02: Chapter Questions
  158. 11.8.03: References
  159. 12: Foundations of Life in the Oceans
  160. 12.01: How do we describe life
  161. 12.02: Production Consumption and Decomposition
  162. 12.03: Microbes in Charge
  163. 12.04: Studying Microbes in the Ocean
  164. 12.05: Phototropic Primary Production and Light
  165. 12.06: Primary Production and Nutrients
  166. 12.07: Food Webs
  167. 12.08: Geographic Variation in Primary Production
  168. 12.09: Dissolved Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
  169. 12.10: Organic Carbon
  170. 12.11: Biological Provinces and Zones
  171. 12.12: Plankton
  172. 12.13: Nekton
  173. 12.14: Benthos
  174. 12.15: Chapter Summary
  175. 12.15.01: Key Terms
  176. 12.15.02: Chapter Questions
  177. 12.15.03: References
  178. 13: Coastal Oceans and Estuaries
  179. 13.01: Special Characteristics of Coastal Oceans
  180. 13.02: Nutrient Supply to the Coastal Photic Zone
  181. 13.03: Seasonal Cycles
  182. 13.04: Algal Blooms
  183. 13.05: Fisheries
  184. 13.06: Estuaries
  185. 13.07: Chapter Summary
  186. 13.7.01: Key Terms
  187. 13.7.02: Chapter Questions
  188. 13.7.03: References
  189. 14: Marine Ecology
  190. 14.01: Ecological Requirements
  191. 14.02: Habitats
  192. 14.03: Feeding
  193. 14.04: Hunting and Defense
  194. 14.05: Selected Adaptations in Fishes
  195. 14.06: Reproduction
  196. 14.07: Associations
  197. 14.08: Communication and Navigation
  198. 14.09: Chapter Summary
  199. 14.9.01: Key Terms
  200. 14.9.02: Chapter Questions
  201. 14.9.03: References
  202. 15: Ocean Ecosystems
  203. 15.01: Communities and Niches
  204. 15.02: Coral Reefs
  205. 15.03: Kelp Forests
  206. 15.04: Rocky Intertidal Communities
  207. 15.05: Sargasso Sea
  208. 15.06: Polar Regions
  209. 15.07: Beyond the Sun's Light
  210. 15.08: Hydrothermal Vents
  211. 15.09: Chapter Summary
  212. 15.9.01: Key Terms
  213. 15.9.02: Chapter Questions
  214. 15.9.03: References
  215. 16: Impacts of Humans on the Oceans
  216. 16.01: Pollution versus Contamination
  217. 16.02: Adverse Effects of Human Activities
  218. 16.03: Toxicity
  219. 16.04: Waste Disposal
  220. 16.05: Ocean Pollution Issues
  221. 16.06: Climate Change Acidification and Deoxygenation
  222. 16.07: Risk Assessment and Management
  223. 16.08: Chapter Summary
  224. 16.8.01: Key Terms
  225. 16.8.02: Chapter Questions
  226. 16.8.03: References
  227. 16.09: Box 1 - Petroleum in the Marine Environment
  228. 16.10: Box 2 - Sewage Wastes in the Marine Environment
  229. 16.11: Box 3 - Radioactive Wastes in the Marine Environment
  230. 17: Critical Concepts
  231. 17.01: CC1 Density and Layering in Fluids
  232. 17.02: CC2 Isostasy Eustasy and Sea Level
  233. 17.03: CC3 Convection and Convection Cells
  234. 17.04: CC4 Particle Size Sinking Deposition and Resuspension
  235. 17.05: CC5 Transfer and Storage of Heat by Water
  236. 17.06: CC6 Salinity Temperature Pressure and Water Density
  237. 17.07: CC7 Radioactivity and Age Dating
  238. 17.08: CC8 Residence Time
  239. 17.09: CC9 The Global Greenhouse Effect
  240. 17.10: CC10 Modeling
  241. 17.11: CC11 Chaos
  242. 17.12: CC12 The Coriolis Effect
  243. 17.13: CC13 Geostrophic Flow
  244. 17.14: CC14 Phototrophy Light and Nutrients
  245. 17.15: CC15 Food Chain Efficiency
  246. 17.16: CC16 Maximum Sustainable Yield
  247. 17.17: CC17 Species Diversity and Biodiversity
  248. 17.18: CC18 Toxicity
  249. 17.19: CC19 Metagenomics
  250. 17.20: References