External

Map: Structure and Properties (Tro)

This is the Textmap constructed to follow the organization of Nivaldo Tro's "Chemistry: Structure and Properties" general chemistry "atoms first" textbook.

General Chemistry Chemistry

Publisher: LibreTexts
Source: LibreTexts
License: CC BY-NC-SA
Language: EN
Category: Basic Sciences

Read online Download PDF (open licence)

Contents· 224 sections

01: Atoms
1.01: A Particulate View of the World - Structure Determines Properties
1.02: Classifying Matter- A Particulate View
1.03: The Scientific Approach to Knowledge
1.04: Early Ideas about the Building Blocks of Matter
1.05: Modern Atomic Theory and the Laws That Led to It
1.06: The Discovery of the Electron
1.07: The Structure of The Atom
1.08: Subatomic Particles - Protons Neutrons and Electrons
1.09: Atomic Mass- The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms
1.10: The Origins of Atoms and Elements
02: Matter Measurement and Problem Solving
2.01: The Metric Mix-up - A 327 Million Unit Error
2.02: The Reliability of a Measurement
2.03: Density
2.04: Energy and Its Units
2.05: Converting between Units
2.06: Problem-Solving Strategies
2.07: Solving Problems Involving Equations
2.08: Atoms and the Mole - How Many Particles
03: The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom
3.01: Schrodinger's Cat
3.02: The Nature of Light
3.03: Atomic Spectroscopy and The Bohr Model
3.04: The Wavelength Nature of Matter
3.05: Quantum Mechanics and The Atom
3.06: The Shape of Atomic Orbitals
04: Periodic Properties of the Elements
4.01: Aluminum- Low Density Atoms Result in Low Density Metal
4.02: The Periodic Law and The Periodic Table
4.03: Electron Configurations- How Electrons Occupy Orbitals
4.04: Electron Configurations Valence Electrons and the Periodic Table
4.05: How Electron Configuration of an Element Relates to this Properties
4.06: Periodic Trends in the Size of Atoms and Effective Nuclear Charge
4.07: Ions- Configurations Magnetic Properties Radii and Ionization Energy
4.08: Electron Affinities and Metallic Character
05: Molecules and Compounds
5.01: Hydrogen Oxygen and Water
5.02: Chemical Bonds
5.03: Representing Compounds - Chemical Formulas and Molecular Models
5.04: Ionic Compounds- Formulas and Names
5.05: Covalent Bonding- Simple Lewis Structures
5.06: The Lewis Model - Representing Valance Electrons with Dots
5.07: Molecular Compounds- Formulas and Names
5.08: Composition of Compounds
5.09: Determining a Chemical Formula from Experimental Data
5.10: Formula Mass and the Mole Concept for Compounds
5.11: Organic Compounds
06: Chemical Bonding I- Drawing Lewis Structures and Determining Molecular Shapes
6.01: Morphine - A Molecular Imposter
6.02: Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
6.03: Writing Lewis Structures for Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions
6.04: Resonance and Formal Charge
6.05: Exceptions to the Octet Rule- Odd-Electron Species Incomplete Octets and Expanded Octets
6.06: Bond Energies and Bond Lengths
6.07: VSEPR Theory - The Five Basic Shapes
6.08: VSPER Theory- The Effect of Lone Pairs
6.09: VSPER Theory - Predicting Molecular Geometries
6.10: Molecular Shape and Polarity
07: Chemical Bonding II- Valance Bond Theory and Molecular Orbital Theory
7.01: Oxygen- A Magnetic Liquid
7.02: Valence Bond Theory- Orbital Overlap as a Chemical Bond
7.03: Valence Bond Theory- Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
7.04: Molecular Orbital Theory- Electron Delocalization
7.05: Molecular Orbital Theory- Polyatomic Molecules
7.06: Bonding in Metals and Semiconductors
08: Chemical Reactions and Chemical Quantities
8.01: Climate Change and the Combustion of Fossil Fuels
8.02: Chemical Change
8.03: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
8.04: Reaction Stoichiometry - How Much Carbon Dioxide
8.05: Limiting Reactant Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield
8.06: Three Examples of Chemical Reactions- Combustion Alkali Metals and Halogens
09: Introduction to Solutions and Aqueous Reactions
9.01: Molecular Gastronomy
9.02: Solution Concentration
9.03: Solution Stoichiomentry
9.04: Types of Aqueous Solutions and Solubility
9.05: Precipitation Reactions
9.06: Representing Aqueous Reactions- Molecular Ionic and Complete Ionic Equations
9.07: Acid-Base
9.08: Gas-Evolution Reactions
9.09: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
10: Thermochemistry
10.01: On Fire But Not Consumed
10.02: The Nature of Energy - Key Definitions
10.03: The First Law of Thermodynamics - There Is No Free Lunch
10.04: Quantifying Heat and Work
10.05: Measuring E for Chemical Reactions- Constant-Volume Calorimetry
10.06: Enthalpy- The Heat Evolved in a Chemical Reaction at Constant Pressure
10.07: Measuring H for Chemical Reactions- Constant-Pressure Calorimetry
10.08: Relationships Involving Hrxn
10.09: Determining Enthalpies of Reaction from Bond Energies
10.10: Determining Enthalpies of Reaction from Standard Enthalpies of Formation
10.11: Lattice Energy
11: Gases
11.01: Supersonic Skydiving and the Risk of Decompression
11.02: Pressure- The Result of Particle Collisions
11.03: The Simple Gas Laws- Boyles Law Charless Law and Avogadros Law
11.04: The Ideal Gas Law
11.05: Applications of the Ideal Gas Law- Molar Volume Density and Molar Mass of a Gas
11.06: Mixtures of Gases and Partial Pressures
11.07: A Particulate Model for Gases- Kinetic Molecular Theory
11.08: Temperature and Molecular Velocities
11.09: Mean Free Path Diffusion and Effusion of Gases
11.10: Gases in Chemical Reactions- Stoichiometry Revisited
11.11: Real Gases- The Effects of Size and Intermolecular Forces
11.E: Exercises
12: Liquids Solids and Intermolecular Forces
12.01: Structure Determines Properties
12.02: Solids Liquids and Gases- A Molecular Comparison
12.03: Intermolecular Forces- The Forces that Hold Condensed Phases Together
12.04: Intermolecular Forces in Action- Surface Tension Viscosity and Capillary Action
12.05: Vaporization and Vapor Pressure
12.06: Sublimation and Fusion
12.07: Heating Curve for Water
12.08: Water - An Extraordinary Substance
13: Phase Diagrams and Crystalline Solids
13.01: Sliding Glaciers
13.02: Phase Diagrams
13.03: Crystalline Solids- Determining Their Structure by X-Ray Crystallography
13.04: Crystalline Solids- Unit Cells and Basic Structures
13.05: Crystalline Solids- The Fundamental Types
13.06: The Structure of Ionic Solids
13.07: Network Covalent Atomic Solids- Carbon and Silicates
14: Solutions
14.02: Types of Solutions and Solubility
14.03: Energetics of Solution Formation
14.04: Solution Equilibrium and Factors Affecting Solubility
14.05: Expressing Solution Concentration
14.06: Colligative Properties- Freezing Point Depression Boiling Point Elevation and Osmosis
14.07: The Colligative Properties of Strong Electrolyte Solutions
15: Chemical Kinetics
15.01: Catching Lizards
15.02: Rates of Reaction and the Particulate Nature of Matter
15.03: Defining and Measuring the Rate of a Chemical Reaction
15.04: The Rate Law- The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
15.05: The Integrated Rate Law- The Dependence of Concentration on Time
15.06: The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate
15.07: Reaction Mechanisms
15.08: Catalysis
16: Chemical Equilibrium
16.01: Fetal Hemoglobin and Equilibrium
16.02: The Concept of Dynamic Equilibrium
16.03: The Equilibrium Constant (K)
16.04: Expressing the Equilibrium Constant in Terms of Pressure
16.05: Heterogenous Equilibria - Reactions Involving Solids and Liquids
16.06: The Reaction Quotient- Predicting the Direction of Change
16.07: Finding Equilibrium Concentrations
16.08: Le Chateliers Principle- How a System at Equilibrium Responds to Disturbances
17: Acids and Bases
17.01: Batmans Basic Blunder
17.02: The Nature of Acids and Bases
17.03: Definitions of Acids and Bases
17.04: Acid Strength and Molecular Structure
17.05: Acid Strength and the Acid Ionization Constant (Ka)
17.06: Autoionization of Water and pH
17.07: Finding the H3O and pH of Strong and Weak Acid Solutions
17.08: Finding the OH- and pH of Strong and Weak Base Solutions
17.09: The Acid-Base Properties of Ions and Salts
17.10: Polyprotic Acids
17.11: Lewis Acids and Bases
18: Aqueous Ionic Equilibrium
18.01: The Danger of Antifreeze
18.02: Buffers- Solutions That Resist pH Change
18.03: Buffer Effectiveness- Buffer Capacity and Buffer Range
18.04: Titrations and pH Curves
18.05: Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product Constant
18.06: Precipitation
18.07: Complex Ion Equilibria
19: Free Energy and Thermodynamics
19.01: Energy Spreads Out
19.02: Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Processes
19.03: Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
19.04: Predicting Entropy and Entropy Changes for Chemical Reactions
19.05: Heat Transfer and Changes in the Entropy of the Surroundings
19.06: Gibbs Energy
19.07: Free Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions- Calculating
19.08: Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States - The Relationship between and
19.09: Free Energy and Equilibrium- Relating to the Equilibrium Constant (K)
20: Electrochemistry
20.01: Lightning and Batteries
20.02: Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations
20.03: Voltaic (or Galvanic) Cells- Generating Electricity from Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
20.04: Standard Reduction Potentials
20.05: Cell Potential Gibbs Energy and the Equilibrium Constant
20.06: Cell Potential and Concentration
20.07: Batteries- Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity
20.08: Electrolysis- Driving Non-spontaneous Chemical Reactions with Electricity
20.09: Corrosion- Undesirable Redox Reactions
21: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
21.01: Diagnosing Appendicitis
21.02: The Discovery of Radioactivity
21.03: Types of Radioactivity
21.04: The Valley of Stability- Predicting the Type of Radioactivity
21.05: Detecting Radioactivity
21.06: The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating
21.07: The Discovery of Fission- The Atomic Bomb and Nuclear Power
21.08: Converting Mass to Energy- Mass Defect and Nuclear Binding Energy
21.09: Nuclear Fusion - The Power of the Sun
21.10: Nuclear Transmutation and Transuranium Elements
21.11: The Effects of Radiation on Life
21.12: Radioactivity in Medicine and Other Applications
22: Organic Chemistry
22.01: Fragrances and Odor
22.02: Hydrocarbons- Compounds Containing Only Carbon and Hydrocarbon
22.03: Polymers
22.04: Alkanes- Saturated Hydrocarbons
22.05: Alkenes and Alkynes
22.06: Hydrocarbon Reactions
22.07: Aromatic Hydrocarbons
22.08: Functional Groups
22.09: Alcohols
22.10: Aldehydes and Ketones
22.11: Carboxylic Acids and Esters
22.12: Ethers
22.13: Amines
23: Transition Metals and Coordination Compounds
23.01: The Colors of Rubies and Emeralds
23.02: Properties of Transition Metals
23.03: Coordination Compounds
23.04: Structure and Isomerization
23.05: Bonding in Coordinate Compounds
23.06: Applications of Coordination Compounds