External

Principles of Modern Chemistry

General Chemistry Chemistry

Author: LibreTexts (Textmap of Oxtoby's Book)
Publisher: LibreTexts
Source: LibreTexts
License: CC BY-NC-SA
Language: EN
Category: Basic Sciences

Read online Download PDF (open licence)

Contents· 191 sections

Unit 1: Introduction to Modern Chemistry
1: The Atom in Modern Chemistry
1.1: The Nature of Modern Chemistry
1.2: Macroscopic Methods for Classifying Matter
1.3: Indirect Evidence for the Existence of Atoms: Laws of Chemical Combination
1.4: The Physical Structure of Atoms
1.5: Imaging Atoms Molecules and Chemical Reactions
2: Chemical Formulas Chemical Equations and Reaction Yields
2.1: The Mole: Weighing and Counting Molecules
2.2: Empirical and Molecular Formulas
2.3: Chemical Formula and Percentage Composition
2.4: Writing Balanced Chemical Equations
2.5: Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
2.6: Limiting Reactant and Percentage Yield
Unit 2: Chemical Bonding and Structure
3: Chemical Bonding - The Classical Description
3.01: The Periodic Table
3.02: Forces and Potential Energy in Atoms
3.03: Ionization Energies and the Shell Model of the Atom
3.04: Electronegativity: The Tendency of Atoms to Attract Electrons
3.05: Forces and Potential Energy in Molecules: Formation of Chemical Bonds
3.06: Ionic Bonding
3.07: Covalent and Polar Covalent Bonding
3.08: Lewis Diagrams for Molecules
3.09: The Shapes of Molecules: Valence Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory
3.10: Oxidation Numbers
3.11: Inorganic Nomenclature
4: Introduction to Quantum Mechanics
4.1: Preliminaries: Wave Motion and Light
4.2: Evidence for Energy Quantization in Atoms
4.3: The Bohr Model: Predicting Discrete Energy Levels
4.4: Evidence for Wave-Particle Duality
4.5: The Schrodinger Equation
4.6: Quantum Mechanics of Particle-in-a-Box Models
4.7: Quantum Harmonic Oscillator
5: Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Structure
5.1: The Hydrogen Atom
5.2: Shell Model for Many-Electron Atoms
5.3: Aufbau Principle and Electron Configurations
5.4: Shells and the Periodic Table: Photoelectron Spectroscopy
5.5: Periodic Properties and Electronic Structure
6: Quantum Mechanics and Molecular Structure
6.1: Quantum Picture of the Chemical Bond
6.2: De-localized Bonds: Molecular Orbital Theory and the Linear Combination of Atomic
6.3: Photoelectron Spectroscopy for Molecules
6.4: Localized Bonds: The Valence Bond Model
6.5: Comparison of Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals and Valence Bond Methods
7: Bonding in Organic Molecules
7.1: Petroleum Refining and the Hydrocarbons
7.2: The Alkanes
7.3: The Alkenes and Alkynes
7.4: Aromatic Hydrocarbons
7.5: Fullerenes
7.6: Functional Groups and Organic Reactions
7.7: Pesticides and Pharmaceuticals
8: Bonding in Transition Metal Compounds and Coordination Complexes
8.1: Chemistry of the Transition Metals
8.2: Bonding in Simple Molecules That Contain Transition Metals
8.3: Introduction to Coordination Chemistry
8.4: Structures of Coordination Complexes
8.5: Crystal Field Theory: Optical and Magnetic Properties
8.6: Optical Properties and the Spectrochemical Series
8.7: Bonding in Coordination Complexes
Unit 3: The States of Matter
09: The Gaseous State
9.1: The Chemistry of Gases
9.2: Pressure and Temperature of Gases
9.3: The Ideal Gas Law
9.4: Mixtures of Gases
9.5: The Kinetic Theory of Gases
9.6: A Deeper Look: Distribution of Energy among Molecules
9.7: Real Gases: Intermolecular Forces
9.8: A Deeper Look: Molecular Collisions and Rate Processes
10: Solids Liquids and Phase Transitions
10.1: Bulk Properties of Liquids - Molecular Interpretation
10.2: Intermolecular Forces - Origins in Molecular Structure
10.3: Intermolecular Forces in Liquids
10.4: Phase Equilibrium
10.5: Phase Transitions
10.6: Phase Diagrams
10.E: Solids Liquids and Phase Transitions (Exercises)
11: Solutions
11.1: Composition of Solutions
11.2: Nature of Dissolved Species
11.3: Reaction Stoichiometry in Solutions: Acid-Base Titrations
11.4: Reaction Stoichiometry in Solutions: Oxidation-Reduction Titrations
11.5: Phase Equilibrium in Solutions - Nonvolatile Solutes
11.6: Phase Equilibrium in Solutions - Volatile Solutes
11.7: Colloidal Suspensions
11.E: Solutions (Exercises)
Unit 4: Equilibrium in Chemical Reactions
12: Thermodynamic Processes and Thermochemistry
12.1: Systems States and Processes
12.2: The First Law of Thermodynamics - Internal Energy Work and Heat
12.3: Heat Capacity Enthalpy and Calorimetry
12.4: Illustrations of the First Law of Thermodynamics in Ideal Gas Processes
12.5: Thermochemistry
12.6: Reversible Processes in Ideal Gases
12.E: Thermodynamic Processes (Exercises)
13: Spontaneous Processes and Thermodynamic Equilibrium
13.1: The Nature of Spontaneous Processes
13.2: Entropy and Spontaneity - A Molecular Statistical Interpretation
13.3: Entropy and Heat - Experimental Basis of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
13.4: Entropy Changes in Reversible Processes
13.5: Entropy Changes and Spontaneity
13.6: The Third Law of Thermodynamics
13.7: The Gibbs Free Energy
13.8: Carnot Cycle Efficiency and Entropy
13.E: Spontaneous Processes (Exercises)
14: Chemical Equilibrium
14.1: The Nature of Chemical Equilibrium
14.2: The Empirical Law of Mass Action
14.3: Thermodynamic Description of the Equilibrium State
14.4: The Law of Mass Action for Related and Simultaneous Equilibria
14.5: Equilibrium Calculations for Gas-Phase and Heterogenous Reactions
14.6: Reaction Directions (Empirical Explanation)
14.7: Reaction Directions (Thermodynamic Explanation)
14.8: Distribution of a Single Species between Immiscible Phases - Extraction and Separation
14.E: Chemical Equilibria (Exercises)
15: AcidBase Equilibria
15.1: Classifications of Acids and Bases
15.2: Properties of Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solutions
15.3: Acid and Base Strength
15.4: Equilibria Involving Weak Acids and Bases
15.5: Buffer Solutions
15.6: Acid-Base Titration Curves
15.7: Polyprotic Acids
15.8: Organic Acids and Bases - Structure and Reactivity
15.9: A Deeper Look - Exact Treatment of Acid-Base Equilibria
15.E: Acid-Base Equilibria (Exercises)
16: Solubility and Precipitation Equilibria
16.1: The Nature of Solubility Equilibria
16.2: Ionic Equilibria between Solids and Solutions
16.3: Precipitation and the Solubility Product
16.4: The Effects of pH on Solubility
16.5: Complex Ions and Solubility
16.6: A Deeper Look: Selective Precipitation of Ions
16.E: Solubility and Precipitation (Exercises)
17: Electrochemistry
17.1: Electrochemical Cells
17.2: The Gibbs Free Energy and Cell Voltage
17.3: Concentration Effects and the Nernst Equation
17.4: Batteries and Fuel Cells
17.5: Corrosion and Its Prevention
17.6: Electrometallurgy
17.7: A Deeper Look: Electrolysis of Water and Aqueous Solutions
Unit 5: Rates of Chemical and Physical Processes
18: Chemical Kinetics
18.1: Rates of Chemical Reactions
18.2: Rate Laws
18.3: Reaction Mechanisms
18.4: Reaction Mechanisms and Rate
18.5: Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates
18.6: A Deeper Look: Reaction Dynamics
18.7: Kinetics of Catalysis
19: Nuclear Chemistry
19.1: Mass-Energy Relationships in Nuclei
19.2: Nuclear Decay Processes
19.3: Kinetics of Radioactive Decay
19.4: Radiation in Biology and Medicine
19.5: Nuclear Fission
19.6: Nuclear Fusion and Nucleosynthesis
20: Molecular Spectroscopy and Photochemistry
20.1: General Aspects of Molecular Spectroscopy
20.2: Vibrations and Rotations of Molecules: Infrared and Microwave Spectroscopy
20.3: Excited Electronic States: Electronic Spectroscopy of Molecules
20.4: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
20.5: Introduction to Atmospheric Photochemistry
20.6: Photosynthesis
Unit 6: Materials
21: Structure and Bonding in Solids
21.1: Crystal Symmetry and the Unit Cell
21.2: Crystal Structure
21.3: Cohesion in Solids
21.4: Defects and Amorphous Solids
21.5: Lattice Energies of Crystals
21.E: Structure and Bonding in Solids (Exercises)
22: Inorganic Materials
22.1: Minerals: Naturally Occurring Inorganic Minerals
22.2: Properties of Ceramics
22.3: Silicate Ceramics
22.4: Nonsilicate Ceramics
22.5: Electrical Conduction in Materials
22.6: Band Theory of Conduction
22.7: Semiconductors
22.8: Pigments and Phosphors: Optical Displays
23: Polymeric Materials and Soft Condensed Matter
23.1: Polymerization Reactions for Synthetic Polymers
23.2: Applications for Synthetic Polymers
23.3: Liquid Crystals
23.4: Natural Polymers