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Physiological Psychology (IVC PSYCH003)

Physiological Psychology provides a comprehensive overview of the biological foundations of behavior, covering the structure and function of the nervous system, sensory and motor processes, biological rhythms, motivation, cognition, emotion, and the effects of drugs and disorders on the brain.

Social Sciences

Author: Ivette Merced
Publisher: Irvine Valley College
Source: LibreTexts
License: CC BY-NC
Language: EN
Category: Basic Sciences

Read online Download PDF (open licence)

Contents· 364 sections

01: Part I- Foundations of Physiological Psychology
1.01: What is Physiological Psychology
1.1.01: 1.1 What are the Divisions of Biopsychology
1.02: History and Introduction to Physiological Psychology aka Neuroscience
1.2.01: History of Biopsychology
1.03: Connecting Biology to Behavior
1.04: Comparative Neuroscience
1.4.01: Introduction
1.4.02: How Do We Choose A Model System
1.4.03: How Do We Compare Brains
1.4.04: How Do Brains Vary in Size
1.4.05: How Do Connections Differ Across Species
1.4.06: How Can Diverse Species Help Us Make Inferences about Human Neurobiology
1.4.07: How Can Brain Organoids Help Us Make Inferences about Brain Evolution
1.4.08: Section Summary
1.4.09: Key Terms
1.4.10: References
1.4.11: Multiple Choice
1.4.12: Fill in the Blank
1.05: Functional Anatomy- Nervous System Anatomy -Functional Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex and Spinal Cord
1.5.01: Nervous System Tissue
1.5.02: Nervous System Structure and Terminology
1.5.03: Nervous System Development
1.5.04: The Central Nervous System
1.5.05: The Peripheral Nervous System
1.5.06: Communication and the Endocrine System
1.06: Structure and Function of the Nervous System- Cells and Anatomy
1.6.01: Introduction
1.6.02: Building a Nervous System
1.6.03: Organization of the Nervous System
1.6.04: The Central Nervous System- CNS
1.6.05: The Brain- Structure and Function
1.6.06: The Peripheral Nervous System - PNS
1.6.07: Section Summary
1.6.08: Key Terms
1.6.09: References
1.6.10: Multiple Choice (IVETTE DELETE OR KEEP)
1.6.11: Fill in the Blank IVETTE DELETE OR KEEP
1.6.12: Genetics and Evolution
1.6.13: Neurophysiology
1.6.13.01: Introduction
1.6.13.02: Neural Communication
1.6.13.03: Neural Circuits
1.6.13.04: Principles of Bioelectricity
1.6.13.05: Mechanisms of Neural Signaling
1.6.13.06: Our Deep but Still Incomplete Understanding of Neural Signaling
1.6.13.07: Section Summary
1.6.13.08: Key Terms
1.6.13.09: References
1.6.13.10: Multiple Choice IVETTE KEEP OR DELETE
1.6.13.11: Fill in the Blank
1.07: Neuronal Communication
1.7.01: Neurons and their Basic Functions
1.7.02: Neurons Generate Voltage Changes to Code Information
1.7.03: Synaptic Transmission
1.08: Basic Neurochemistry
1.8.01: Introduction
1.8.02: General Neurochemistry Principles
1.8.03: Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
1.8.04: Neurotransmitters Made from Fats
1.8.05: Section Summary
1.8.06: Key Terms
1.8.07: References
1.8.08: Multiple Choice
1.8.09: Fill in the Blank
1.09: Neurodevelopment
1.9.01: Introduction
1.9.02: Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
1.9.03: Growth and Development of the Early Brain
1.9.04: Synapse Formation and Maturation
1.9.05: Experience Dependent Plasticity
1.9.06: Section Summary
1.9.07: Key Terms
1.9.08: References
1.9.09: Multiple Choice
1.9.10: Fill in the Blank
1.10: Neuroimmunology
1.10.01: Introduction
1.10.02: Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
1.10.03: What Does Your Immune System Have to Do with Your Behavior
1.10.04: How Does the Brain Talk to the Immune System
1.10.05: What Do Immune System Signals Do Once They Reach the Brain
1.10.06: Section Summary
1.10.07: Key Terms
1.10.08: References
1.10.09: Multiple Choice
1.10.10: Fill in the Blank
1.11: Research Methods- Histology Imaging and Stimulating- Histology Review
1.11.01: Introduction to Research in Biological Psychology
1.11.02: Non-Invasive Techniques- Structural Imaging
1.11.03: Non-Invasive Techniques- Direct Functional Imaging Techniques
1.11.04: Non-Invasive Techniques- Indirect Functional Imaging Techniques
1.11.05: Other Non-Invasive Techniques
1.11.06: Invasive Techniques
1.11.07: Ethical Considerations
02: Part II- Sensory and Motor Systems
2.01: Senses Overview
2.02: Vision
2.2.01: Introduction
2.2.02: An Overview of the Visual System
2.2.03: The Retina
2.2.04: Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar Horizontal Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
2.2.05: The Thalamus and Primary Visual Cortex
2.2.06: Extrastriate Cortex
2.2.07: Unsolved Questions In Visual Perception
2.2.08: Section Summary
2.2.09: Key Terms
2.2.10: References
2.2.11: Multiple Choice
2.2.12: Fill in the Blank
2.2.13: Vision
2.03: Hearing Balance and the Chemical Senses
2.3.01: Introduction
2.3.02: Acoustic Cues and Signals
2.3.03: How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain
2.3.04: How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information
2.3.05: Balance- A Sense of Where You Are
2.3.06: Section Summary
2.3.07: Key Terms
2.3.08: References
2.3.09: Multiple Choice
2.3.10: Fill in the Blank
2.3.11: Introduction
2.3.12: The Chemical Senses are Several Distinct Sensory Systems
2.3.13: The Gustatory System
2.3.14: The Olfactory System
2.3.15: Chemethesis Spices and Solitary Chemosensory Cells
2.3.16: Influences That Shape Perception of Smell and Flavor
2.3.17: Section Summary
2.3.18: Key Terms
2.3.19: References
2.3.20: Multiple Choice
2.3.21: Fill in the Blank
2.3.22: Hearing
2.04: Taste and Smell
2.05: Touch Pain and Movement
2.5.01: Introduction
2.5.02: Somatosensory Receptors
2.5.03: Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
2.5.04: Pain and Itch
2.5.05: Pain Relief
2.5.06: Section Summary
2.5.07: Key Terms
2.5.08: References
2.5.09: Multiple Choice
2.5.10: Fill in the Blank
2.5.11: Introduction
2.5.12: The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement Contraction of Muscles
2.5.13: Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
2.5.14: Our Brain Gets Involved Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
2.5.15: Section Summary
2.5.16: Key Terms
2.5.17: References
2.5.18: Multiple Choice
2.5.19: Fill in the Blank
2.5.20: Touch
2.06: Motor Control
2.6.01: Classification of Muscle Types and Functions
2.6.02: Synaptic Control of Movement- Neuromuscular Junction and Motor Units
2.6.03: Spinal Reflexes
2.6.04: Motor Circuitry- Neural Structures and Pathways
2.6.05: Impact of Disease States and Neural Damage on Motor Control
2.07: Psychophysical Methods
2.08: Sensation vs Perception
2.09: Gestalt Principles of Perception
03: Part III- Rhythms Drives and Motivation
3.01: Biological Rhythms Sleep and Homeostasis
3.1.01: Introduction
3.1.02: What Are Circadian Rhythms
3.1.03: Where Are Rhythms in the Brain
3.1.04: Regulation of Sleep
3.1.05: Disorders of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
3.1.06: Circadian Rhythms and Society
3.1.07: Section Summary
3.1.08: Key Terms
3.1.09: References
3.1.10: Multiple Choice
3.1.11: Fill in the Blank
3.1.12: Introduction
3.1.13: Principles of Homeostasis
3.1.14: Neural Control of Blood Oxygenation Levels
3.1.15: Neural Control of Core Body Temperature
3.1.16: Neural Control of Feeding Behavior
3.1.17: Neural Control of Drinking Behavior
3.1.18: Section Summary
3.1.19: Key Terms
3.1.20: References
3.1.21: Multiple Choice
3.1.22: Fill in the Blank
3.1.23: Consciousness
3.1.24: What is Sleep
3.1.25: Stages of Sleep
3.1.26: The Brain and Sleep
3.1.27: Theories of Sleep
3.1.28: Sleep Disorders
3.1.29: Maintaining Water Balance
3.1.30: Triggering Drinking Behavior - Osmometric and Volumetric Thirst
3.1.31: Ingestive Behavior Basics
3.1.32: Digestion and the Hormonal Control of Metabolism
3.1.33: Hunger - Theories Detectors and the Hypothalamus
3.1.34: Ingestive Behavior in Context
3.02: Homeostasis
3.03: Sexual Behavior and Development
3.3.01: Introduction
3.3.02: Understanding Sexual Reproduction and Sexual Dimorphism
3.3.03: Mechanisms of Sexual Determination and Differentiation
3.3.04: Sex Differences in Brain and Behavior- Genetic Hormonal and Environmental Mechanisms
3.3.05: Sex Differences in Brain Circuits and Susceptibility to Psychiatric Disease
3.3.06: Section Summary
3.3.07: Key Terms
3.3.08: References
3.3.09: Multiple Choice
3.3.10: Fill in the Blank
3.3.11: Sex Hormones Sexual Motivation and Reproductive Behaviors
3.3.12: Sexual Development Anatomy and Physiology
3.3.13: Differences of Sexual Development
3.3.14: Gender
3.3.15: Sexual Orientation
3.3.16: Sex Differences and Evolutionary Interpretations
3.04: Evolution Genes and Behaviors
3.4.01: Evolution of Minds and Behavior
3.4.02: Evolution - Mechanisms and Evidence
3.4.03: Human Evolution
3.4.04: Evolutionary Theories in Psychology
3.4.05: DNA Chromosomes and Gene-Environment Correlations
3.4.06: The Nature-Nurture Question
3.4.07: Epigenetics in Psychology
3.4.08: Human Genetics
3.4.09: Genes and Behavior
04: Part IV- Cognition and Emotion
4.01: Intelligence
4.1.01: Overview of Brain Mechanisms in Intelligence Language and Cognition
4.1.02: Cognition Intelligence and Language as Psychological Adaptations
4.1.03: High Intelligence-Nature or Nurture Learning Disabilities
4.1.04: Cognition- Categories Concepts Schemas and the Brain
4.1.05: Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence
4.02: Learning Memory and Attention
4.2.01: Introduction
4.2.02: Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
4.2.03: Implicit Memories- Associative vs. Nonassociative Learning
4.2.04: Explicit Memories- Episodic and Semantic Memories
4.2.05: Synaptic Mechanisms of Long-Term Memory
4.2.06: Section Summary
4.2.07: Key Terms
4.2.08: References
4.2.09: Multiple Choice
4.2.10: Fill in the Blank
4.2.11: Introduction
4.2.12: What are the Different Psychological Processes Associated with Attention
4.2.13: How is Attention Implemented in the Brain
4.2.14: What Happens to Unattended Information
4.2.15: What is the Relationship between Attention and Eye Movements
4.2.16: How Do Clinical Disorders Affect Attentional Function
4.2.17: How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals
4.2.18: Section Summary
4.2.19: Key Terms
4.2.20: References
4.2.21: Multiple Choice
4.2.22: Fill in the Blank
4.2.23: Learning Genes and Adaptation
4.2.24: Types of Learning and Biological Adaptation
4.2.25: Introduction to Memory and the Brain
4.2.26: Synaptic Mechanisms of Learning and Memory
4.2.27: Brain Mechanisms of Memory Disorders
4.2.28: Localization of Types and Stages of Memory
4.2.29: Hormones Learning and Memory
4.03: Language and the Brain
4.3.01: Introduction to Language
4.3.02: Broca's Area Wernicke's Area and Additional Language-Processing Areas in the Brain
4.3.03: Other Brain Models of Spoken and Written Language
4.3.04: Handedness Language and Brain Lateralization
4.3.05: The Right Hemisphere's Contribution to Language
4.04: Attention and Executive Function
4.05: Stress and Emotion
4.5.01: Introduction
4.5.02: What Is Stress
4.5.03: Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response
4.5.04: Interindividual Variability and Resilience in Response to Stress
4.5.05: Clinical Implications of Stress
4.5.06: Section Summary
4.5.07: Key Terms
4.5.08: References
4.5.09: Multiple Choice
4.5.10: Fill in the Blank
4.5.11: Introduction
4.5.12: Foundational and Contemporary Theories of Emotion
4.5.13: What Category of Feelings Are Considered as the Basic Emotions
4.5.14: What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States
4.5.15: Mood and Emotional Disorders Associated with Depression
4.5.16: Section Summary
4.5.17: Key Terms
4.5.18: References
4.5.19: Multiple Choice
4.5.20: Fill in the Blank
4.5.21: The Neurological Bases of Emotions
4.5.22: Valence of Emotions
4.5.23: Fight or Flight
4.5.24: Social Neuroscience
4.5.25: Stress and health
4.06: Emotion and Mood
05: Part V- Drugs Disorders and Brain Health
5.01: Psychopharmacology
5.1.01: Introduction
5.1.02: Basic Principles of Pharmacology
5.1.03: Psychotherapeutics
5.1.04: Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward
5.1.05: Neurobiology of Addiction
5.1.06: Section Summary
5.1.07: Key Terms
5.1.08: References
5.1.09: Multiple Choice
5.1.10: Fill in the Blank
5.02: Psychopharmacology and Psychoactive Drug Classification
5.03: Mechanisms of Psychoactive Drug Action
5.04: Substance Use and Addiction - Theories Brain Mechanisms and Treatment
5.05: Specific Drug Effects Misuse and Risks
5.06: Psychotherapeutics
5.07: Clinical Applications- Addiction Developmental Disorders Anxiety Affective Disorders
5.08: Other Neuropsychiatric Disorders
5.8.01: Biological Factors in Psychological Disorders- An Introduction
5.8.02: Biological Basis of Mood Disorders- Major Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
5.8.03: Biological Basis of Anxiety Disorders
5.8.04: Biological Basis of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder
5.09: Clinical ConsiderationsL- Brain Injury and Brain Pathology
06: Answer Key
6.01: Chapter 1
6.02: Chapter 2
6.03: Chapter 3
6.04: Chapter 4
6.05: Chapter 5
6.06: Chapter 6
6.07: Chapter 7
6.08: Chapter 8
6.09: Chapter 9
6.10: Chapter 10
6.11: Chapter 11
6.12: Chapter 12
6.13: Chapter 13
6.14: Chapter 14
6.15: Chapter 15
6.16: Chapter 16
6.17: Chapter 17
6.18: Chapter 18
6.19: Chapter 19
6.20: Supplemental Content
6.20.01: Chapter 3- Population Evolution (and the Modern Synthesis)
6.20.02: Chapter 3- Phenotypic Variation and Population Genetics
6.20.03: Chapter 3- Adaptive Evolution
6.20.04: Chapter 3- Modern Primates and Their Evolution
6.20.05: Chapter 3- Material Culture
6.20.06: Chapter 10- Computer Models and Learning in Artificial Neural Networks
6.20.07: Chapter 10- Acetylcholine Enriched Experience and Memory
6.20.08: Chapter 10- Memory Types and Stages
6.20.09: Chapter 10- The Psychology of Memory Encoding Storage and Retrieval
6.20.10: Chapter 10- Psychological Factors Affecting Learning Memory and Forgetting
6.20.11: Chapter 14- Traditional Models of Human Intelligence
6.20.12: Chapter 14- Problem Solving Categories and Concepts
6.20.13: Chapter 14- The Brain and Evolution of Cognition
6.20.14: Chapter 14- Mirror Neurons Theory of Mind Social Cognition and Neuroscience of Its Disorders
6.20.15: Chapter 15- A Gene Essential for Speech
6.20.16: Chapter 15- The Origins of Language
07: Appendix
7.01: Appendix A- Methods
08: About This Book