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Fundamentals of Nursing

Fundamentals of Nursing aligns with the outcomes and competencies of a nursing fundamentals course. It is designed to provide students with the foundational knowledge and practical expertise essential for delivering holistic and patient-centered care. The authors emphasize the application of clinical judgment across diverse healthcare environments, ensuring readiness to deliver high-quality, compassionate care in an inclusive and supportive manner.

Nursing Medicine

Author: OpenStax
Publisher: LibreTexts
Source: LibreTexts
License: CC BY
Language: EN

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Contents· 672 sections

01: Introduction to the Nursing Profession- Evolution Theories and Practice
1.00: Introduction
1.01: Evolution of Nursing and Nursing Practice
1.02: Nursing Education Programs
1.03: Nursing as a Profession
1.04: History and Evolution of Nursing Theories
1.05: Selected Nursing Theorist
1.06: Application of Theories in Nursing Practice
1.07: Summary
1.08: Key Terms
1.09: Assessments
1.9.00: Review Questions
1.9.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
1.9.02: Reflection Questions
1.9.03: What Should the Nurse Do
1.9.04: Competency-Based Assessments
1.10: References
02: Communication
2.00: Introduction
2.01: Types of Communication
2.02: Models of Communication
2.03: Effective Communication
2.04: Therapeutic Communication
2.05: Barriers to Communication
2.06: Summary
2.07: Key Terms
2.08: Assessments
2.8.00: Review Questions
2.8.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
2.8.02: Reflection Questions
2.8.03: Critical-Thinking Questions about Case Studies
2.8.04: What Should the Nurse Do
2.8.05: Competency-Based Assessments
2.09: References
03: Healthcare Delivery Systems
3.00: Introduction
3.01: Levels of Care
3.02: Organizational Frameworks and Structure
3.03: Barriers to Healthcare Access
3.04: Culture
3.05: Summary
3.06: Key Terms
3.07: Assessments
3.7.00: Review Questions
3.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
3.7.02: Reflection Questions
3.7.03: What Should the Nurse Do
3.7.04: Competency-Based Assessments
3.08: References
04: Health Wellness and Community-Based Health Care
4.00: Introduction
4.01: Defining Health and Wellness
4.02: Models of Health
4.03: Health Promotion and Illness Prevention
4.04: Community-Based Health Care
4.05: Community-Based Healthcare Initiatives
4.06: Population Health
4.07: Summary
4.08: Key Terms
4.09: Assessments
4.9.00: Review Questions
4.9.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
4.9.02: Reflection Questions
4.9.03: What Should the Nurse Do
4.9.04: Competency-Based Assessments
4.10: References
05: Cultural Competence
5.00: Introduction
5.01: Understanding Cultural Differences
5.02: Ethical Practice in Culture and Diversity
5.03: Cultural Practice in Nursing
5.04: Diversity Equity and Inclusion
5.05: Summary
5.06: Key Terms
5.07: Assessments
5.7.00: Review Questions
5.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
5.7.02: Reflection Questions
5.7.03: Critical-Thinking Questions about Case Studies
5.7.04: What Should the Nurse Do
5.7.05: Competency-Based Assessments
5.08: References
06: Promoting Individualized Care
6.00: Introduction
6.01: Patient-Centered and Holistic Health Care
6.02: Foundations for Providing Person-Centered Care
6.03: Summary
6.04: Key Terms
6.05: Assessments
6.5.00: Review Questions
6.5.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
6.5.02: Reflection Questions
6.5.03: Critical-Thinking Questions about Case Studies
6.5.04: What Should the Nurse Do
6.5.05: Competency-Based Assessments
6.06: References
07: Vital Signs
7.00: Introduction
7.01: Indicators of Physiologic Functioning
7.02: How to Perform Vital Signs
7.03: Teaching Patients to Perform Vital Signs
7.04: Summary
7.05: Key Terms
7.06: Assessments
7.6.00: Review Questions
7.6.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
7.6.02: Reflection Questions
7.6.03: What Should the Nurse Do
7.6.04: Competency-Based Assessments
7.07: References
08: Admission Transfer and Discharge
8.00: Introduction
8.01: Patient Admission
8.02: Patient Transfer
8.03: Patient Discharge
8.04: Summary
8.05: Key Terms
8.06: Assessments
8.6.00: Review Questions
8.6.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
8.6.02: Reflection Questions
8.6.03: Critical-Thinking Questions about Case Studies
8.6.04: What Should the Nurse Do
8.6.05: Competency-Based Assessments
8.07: References
09: Safety and Security
9.00: Introduction
9.01: Safety- Individual and Environmental
9.02: Safety- Violence
9.03: Security- Privacy and Informatics
9.04: Summary
9.05: Key Terms
9.06: Assessments
9.6.00: Review Questions
9.6.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
9.6.02: Reflection Questions
9.6.03: Critical-Thinking Questions about Case Studies
9.6.04: What Should the Nurse Do
9.6.05: Competency-Based Assessments
9.07: References
10: Infection Control and Prevention
10.00: Introduction
10.01: Infection Cycle
10.02: Asepsis and PPE
10.03: Sterile Technique
10.04: Infection Control and Patient Safety
10.05: Summary
10.06: Key Terms
10.07: Assessments
10.7.00: Review Questions
10.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
10.7.02: Reflection Questions
10.7.03: Critical-Thinking Questions about Case Studies
10.7.04: What Should the Nurse Do
10.7.05: Competency-Based Assessments
10.08: References
11: Medication Administration
11.00: Introduction
11.01: Medication Orders
11.02: Fundamental Principles of Medication Administration
11.03: The Medication Administration Process
11.04: Summary
11.05: Key Terms
11.06: Assessments
11.6.00: Review Questions
11.6.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
11.6.02: Reflection Questions
11.6.03: What Should the Nurse Do
11.6.04: Competency-Based Assessments
11.07: References
12: Assessment - Recognizing Cues
12.00: Introduction
12.01: The Nurses Role in Assessment
12.02: Types of Assessment
12.03: Collection of Assessment Data
12.04: Cognitive Process for Analyzing Assessment Data
12.05: Summary
12.06: Key Terms
12.07: Assessments
12.7.00: Review Questions
12.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
12.7.02: Reflection Questions
12.7.03: What Should the Nurse Do
12.7.04: Competency-Based Assessments
12.08: References
13: Diagnosis and Planning- Analyzing Prioritizing and Generating Solutions
13.00: Introduction
13.01: Evolution of Nursing Diagnosis
13.02: Focus of Nursing Diagnosis
13.03: Categories of Nursing Diagnosis
13.04: Focus of the Planning Phase
13.05: Summary
13.06: Key Terms
13.07: Assessments
13.7.00: Review Questions
13.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
13.7.02: Reflection Questions
13.7.03: What Should the Nurse Do
13.7.04: Competency-Based Assessments
13.08: References
14: Implementation and Evaluation- Taking Action Evaluating Outcomes and Documentation
14.00: Introduction
14.01: The Nurses Role in Implementation
14.02: Types of Interventions
14.03: The Nurses Role in Evaluation
14.04: Evaluation Methods
14.05: Guidelines for Effective Documentation
14.06: Summary
14.07: Key Terms
14.08: Assessments
14.8.00: Review Questions
14.8.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
14.8.02: Reflection Questions
14.8.03: What Should the Nurse Do
14.8.04: Competency-Based Assessments
14.09: References
15: Evidence-Based Research Quality Improvement and Collaborative Practice
15.00: Introduction
15.01: Evidence-Based Research
15.02: Evidence-Based Clinical Decisions
15.03: Quality Improvement in Nursing
15.04: Nursing Standards of Delegation
15.05: Collaborative Practice
15.06: Interprofessional Approach to Health Care
15.07: Summary
15.08: Key Terms
15.09: Assessments
15.9.00: Review Questions
15.9.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
15.9.02: Reflection Questions
15.9.03: What Should the Nurse Do
15.9.04: Competency-Based Assessments
15.10: References
16: Legal and Ethical Considerations
16.00: Introduction
16.01: Value Considerations of Care
16.02: Ethics in Nursing Practice
16.03: Legal Dimensions of Care
16.04: Advocacy in Nursing Practice
16.05: Summary
16.06: Key Terms
16.07: Assessments
16.7.00: Review Questions
16.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
16.7.02: Reflection Questions
16.7.03: Critical-Thinking Questions about Case Studies
16.7.04: What Should the Nurse Do
16.7.05: Competency-Based Assessments
16.08: References
17: Patient and Family Education
17.00: Introduction
17.01: Informed Decision Making and Self-Care
17.02: Methods and Approaches to Learning and Teaching
17.03: The Nurses Role in Patient and Family Education
17.04: Evaluation of Teaching and Learning
17.05: Summary
17.06: Key Terms
17.07: Assessments
17.7.00: Review Questions
17.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
17.7.02: Reflection Questions
17.7.03: Critical-Thinking Questions about Case Studies
17.7.04: What Should the Nurse Do
17.7.05: Competency-Based Assessments
17.08: References
18: Leadership and Management in Nursing
18.00: Introduction
18.01: Concepts of Leadership in Nursing
18.02: Concepts of Management in Nursing
18.03: Implementing Leadership and Management into Nursing Practice
18.04: Certifications for Nurse Leaders and Managers
18.05: Summary
18.06: Key Terms
18.07: Assessments
18.7.00: Review Questions
18.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
18.7.02: Reflection Questions
18.7.03: What Should the Nurse Do
18.7.04: Competency-Based Assessments
18.08: References
19: Oxygenation and Perfusion
19.00: Introduction
19.01: Respiratory System
19.02: Cardiovascular System
19.03: Factors Affecting Cardiopulmonary Function
19.04: Management of Impaired Cardiopulmonary Functioning
19.05: Summary
19.06: Key Terms
19.07: Assessments
19.7.00: Review Questions
19.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
19.7.02: Reflection Questions
19.7.03: Critical-Thinking Questions about Case Studies
19.7.04: What Should the Nurse Do
19.7.05: Competency-Based Assessments
19.08: References
20: Fluid Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance
20.00: Introduction
20.01: Fluid and Electrolyte Balances
20.02: Acid-Base Balances
20.03: The Nurses Role in Patient Care Management
20.04: Summary
20.05: Key Terms
20.06: Assessments
20.6.00: Review Questions
20.6.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
20.6.02: Reflection Questions
20.6.03: What Should the Nurse Do
20.6.04: Competency-Based Assessments
20.07: References
21: Nutrition
21.00: Introduction
21.01: Nutritional Concepts
21.02: Factors Affecting Nutrition
21.03: Specialized Diets
21.04: Nutritional Assessment
21.05: Summary
21.06: Key Terms
21.07: Assessments
21.7.00: Review Questions
21.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
21.7.02: Reflection Questions
21.7.03: What Should the Nurse Do
21.7.04: Competency-Based Assessments
21.08: References
22: Activity
22.00: Introduction
22.01: Importance of Activity Movement and Alignment
22.02: Factors Affecting Activity Level
22.03: Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)
22.04: Summary
22.05: Key Terms
22.06: Assessments
22.6.00: Review Questions
22.6.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
22.6.02: Reflection Questions
22.6.03: Critical-Thinking Questions about Case Studies
22.6.04: What Should the Nurse Do
22.6.05: Competency-Based Assessments
22.07: References
23: Neuromuscular Function
23.00: Introduction
23.01: Foundations of Neuromuscular Functioning
23.02: Factors Affecting Neuromuscular Functioning
23.03: Considerations for Care of Neuromuscular Impairment
23.04: Summary
23.05: Key Terms
23.06: Assessments
23.6.00: Review Questions
23.6.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
23.6.02: Reflection Questions
23.6.03: What Should the Nurse Do
23.6.04: Competency-Based Assessments
23.07: References
24: Skin Integrity
24.00: Introduction
24.01: Structures and Function of the Skin
24.02: Skin Integrity
24.03: Wound Classification
24.04: Wound Healing
24.05: Summary
24.06: Key Terms
24.07: Assessments
24.7.00: Review Questions
24.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
24.7.02: Reflection Questions
24.7.03: Critical-Thinking Questions about Case Studies
24.7.04: What Should the Nurse Do
24.7.05: Competency-Based Assessments
24.08: References
25: Hygiene
25.00: Introduction
25.01: Hygienic Practices
25.02: Factors Affecting Hygienic Practices
25.03: The Nurses Role in Hygiene
25.04: Summary
25.05: Key Terms
25.06: Assessments
25.6.00: Review Questions
25.6.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
25.6.02: Reflection Questions
25.6.03: What Should the Nurse Do
25.6.04: Competency-Based Assessments
25.07: References
26: Urinary Elimination
26.00: Introduction
26.01: Urinary System
26.02: Functions of the Urinary System
26.03: Factors Affecting Urinary Elimination
26.04: The Nurses Role in Urinary Elimination
26.05: Summary
26.06: Key Terms
26.07: Assessments
26.7.00: Review Questions
26.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
26.7.02: Reflection Questions
26.7.03: Critical-Thinking Questions about Case Studies
26.7.04: What Should the Nurse Do
26.7.05: Competency-Based Assessments
26.08: References
27: Bowel Elimination
27.00: Introduction
27.01: Gastrointestinal Tract Structures and Functions
27.02: Factors Affecting Bowel Elimination
27.03: Diagnostic Evaluation
27.04: Common Conditions Affecting Bowel Elimination
27.05: Summary
27.06: Key Terms
27.07: Assessments
27.7.00: Review Questions
27.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
27.7.02: Reflection Questions
27.7.03: What Should the Nurse Do
27.7.04: Competency-Based Assessments
27.08: References
28: Sleep and Rest
28.00: Introduction
28.01: Concepts of Sleep and Rest
28.02: Factors Affecting Sleep and Rest
28.03: Effects of Insufficient Sleep
28.04: Nursing Care to Promote Sleep and Rest
28.05: Summary
28.06: Key Terms
28.07: Assessments
28.7.00: Review Questions
28.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
28.7.02: Reflection Questions
28.7.03: What Should the Nurse Do
28.7.04: Competency-Based Assessments
28.08: References
29: Sensory Alterations
29.00: Introduction
29.01: Sensory Functioning
29.02: Impaired Sensory Function
29.03: Factors Affecting Sensory Function
29.04: Summary
29.05: Key Terms
29.06: Assessments
29.6.00: Review Questions
29.6.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
29.6.02: Reflection Questions
29.6.03: What Should the Nurse Do
29.6.04: Competency-Based Assessments
29.07: References
30: Pain Assessment
30.00: Introduction
30.01: The Pain Process
30.02: Responses to Pain
30.03: Factors Affecting Pain
30.04: Pain Assessment
30.05: Pain Management
30.06: Summary
30.07: Key Terms
30.08: Assessments
30.8.00: Review Questions
30.8.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
30.8.02: Reflection Questions
30.8.03: Critical-Thinking Questions about Case Studies
30.8.04: What Should the Nurse Do
30.8.05: Competency-Based Assessments
30.09: References
31: Perioperative Nursing Care
31.00: Introduction
31.01: Surgical Concepts
31.02: Preoperative Phase
31.03: Intraoperative Phase
31.04: Postoperative Phase
31.05: Summary
31.06: Key Terms
31.07: Assessments
31.7.00: Review Questions
31.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
31.7.02: Reflection Questions
31.7.03: What Should the Nurse Do
31.7.04: Competency-Based Assessments
31.08: References
32: Self-Concept
32.00: Introduction
32.01: Foundations of Self-Concept
32.02: Factors Affecting Self-Concept
32.03: Summary
32.04: Key Terms
32.05: Assessments
32.5.00: Review Questions
32.5.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
32.5.02: Reflection Questions
32.5.03: What Should the Nurse Do
32.5.04: Competency-Based Assessments
32.06: References
33: Sexuality
33.00: Introduction
33.01: Sexual Identity
33.02: Sexual Fulfillment
33.03: Factors Affecting Sexuality
33.04: The Nurses Role in Providing Care
33.05: Summary
33.06: Key Terms
33.07: Assessments
33.7.00: Review Questions
33.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
33.7.02: Reflection Questions
33.7.03: Critical-Thinking Questions about Case Studies
33.7.04: What Should the Nurse Do
33.7.05: Competency-Based Assessments
33.08: References
34: Stress Adaptation and Homeostasis
34.00: Introduction
34.01: Stress and Adaptation
34.02: Effects of Stress on Health and Wellness
34.03: Factors Affecting Stress and Adaptation
34.04: Adaptation Theories and Models
34.05: Summary
34.06: Key Terms
34.07: Assessments
34.7.00: Review Questions
34.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
34.7.02: Reflection Questions
34.7.03: Critical-Thinking Questions about Case Studies
34.7.04: What Should the Nurse Do
34.7.05: Competency-Based Assessments
34.08: References
35: Spirituality
35.00: Introduction
35.01: Dimensions of Spirituality
35.02: Applications of Spirituality to Health Care
35.03: Summary
35.04: Key Terms
35.05: Assessments
35.5.00: Review Questions
35.5.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
35.5.02: Reflection Questions
35.5.03: What Should the Nurse Do
35.5.04: Competency-Based Assessments
35.06: References
36: Grief Loss Death and Dying
36.00: Introduction
36.01: Concepts of Grief and Loss
36.02: Concepts of Death and Dying
36.03: Factors That Affect Grief Loss Death and Dying
36.04: Legal and Ethical Considerations
36.05: Summary
36.06: Key Terms
36.07: Assessments
36.7.00: Review Questions
36.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
36.7.02: Reflection Questions
36.7.03: Critical-Thinking Questions about Case Studies
36.7.04: What Should the Nurse Do
36.7.05: Competency-Based Assessments
36.08: References
37: Family Dynamics
37.00: Introduction
37.01: Family Concepts
37.02: Family Framework
37.03: Family Dynamics Influence on Health Outcomes
37.04: The Nurses Role in Caring for the Family Unit
37.05: Summary
37.06: Key Terms
37.07: Assessments
37.7.00: Review Questions
37.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
37.7.02: Reflection Questions
37.7.03: What Should the Nurse Do
37.7.04: Competency-Based Assessments
37.08: References
38: Growth and Development
38.00: Introduction
38.01: Stages of Growth and Development
38.02: Specific Developmental Theories
38.03: Application to Care
38.04: Summary
38.05: Key Terms
38.06: Assessments
38.6.00: Review Questions
38.6.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
38.6.02: Reflection Questions
38.6.03: What Should the Nurse Do
38.6.04: Competency-Based Assessments
38.07: References
39: Conception Through Adolescence
39.00: Introduction
39.01: Growth and Development Stages
39.02: Theories Related to Growth and Development
39.03: Health Risks for Each Stage
39.04: The Nurses Role in Preventing Illness
39.05: Summary
39.06: Key Terms
39.07: Assessments
39.7.00: Review Questions
39.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
39.7.02: Reflection Questions
39.7.03: What Should the Nurse Do
39.7.04: Competency-Based Assessments
39.08: References
40: Young and Middle-Aged Adults
40.00: Introduction
40.01: Growth and Development Stages
40.02: Theories Related to Growth and Development
40.03: Health Risks for Young and Middle-Aged Adults
40.04: The Nurses Role in Preventing Illness
40.05: Summary
40.06: Key Terms
40.07: Assessments
40.7.00: Review Questions
40.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
40.7.02: Reflection Questions
40.7.03: What Should the Nurse Do
40.7.04: Competency-Based Assessments
40.08: References
41: Older Adults
41.00: Introduction
41.01: Growth and Development Stages
41.02: Theories Related to the Older Adult
41.03: Health Risks for Older Adults
41.04: The Nurses Role in Preventing Illness
41.05: Summary
41.06: Summary
41.07: Assessments
41.7.00: Review Questions
41.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
41.7.02: Reflection Questions
41.7.03: What Should the Nurse Do
41.7.04: Competency-Based Assessments
41.08: References
42: Caring for Patients with Disability and Chronic Illness
42.00: Introduction
42.01: Characteristics of Disability
42.02: Healthcare Approach to Disability
42.03: Chronic Disease and Chronic Illness
42.04: Healthcare Approach to Chronic Conditions
42.05: Summary
42.06: Key Terms
42.07: Assessments
42.7.00: Review Questions
42.7.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
42.7.02: Reflection Questions
42.7.03: What Should the Nurse Do
42.7.04: Competency-Based Assessments
42.08: References
43: Clinical Judgment and Critical Thinking
43.00: Introduction
43.01: Clinical Judgment Measure Model
43.02: Developing Critical Thinking
43.03: Unfolding Case Study Dissection
43.04: Summary
43.05: Key Terms
43.06: Assessments
43.6.00: Review Questions
43.6.01: Check Your Understanding Questions
43.6.02: Reflection Questions
43.6.03: Competency-Based Assessments
43.07: References
44: Appendix
44.00: Appendix A- Adult Lab Values
44.01: Appendix B- Equivalents
45: Answer Key
45.00: Chapter 2
45.01: Chapter 5
45.02: Chapter 6
45.03: Chapter 8
45.04: Chapter 9
45.05: Chapter 10
45.06: Chapter 16
45.07: Chapter 17
45.08: Chapter 19
45.09: Chapter 22
45.10: Chapter 24
45.11: Chapter 26
45.12: Chapter 30
45.13: Chapter 33
45.14: Chapter 34
45.15: Chapter 36