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Principles of Biology

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Principles of Biology

The Principles of Biology sequence (BI 211, 212 and 213) introduces biology as a scientific discipline for students planning to major in biology and other science disciplines.

Introductory and General BiologyBiology
Publisher
LibreTexts
Source
LibreTexts
License
CC BY
Language
EN
Category
Basic Sciences
Read online Download PDF (open licence)
Contents· 192 sections
  1. 01: Chapter 1
  2. 01: The Process of Science
  3. 1.01: The Nature of Science
  4. 1.02: The Scientific Process
  5. 1.03: Presenting Data - Graphs and Tables
  6. 1.04: Writing for Science
  7. 1.05: Using Credible Sources
  8. 02: Chemistry for Biology
  9. 2.01: Atoms
  10. 2.02: Chemical Bonds
  11. 2.03: Water
  12. 2.04: Buffers pH Acids and Bases
  13. 2.05: Absolutely Necessary Chemistry Summary
  14. 03: Biological Molecules
  15. 3.01: Carbohydrates
  16. 3.02: Lipids
  17. 3.03: Proteins
  18. 3.04: Nucleic Acids
  19. 3.05: Biological Macromolecule Practice Questions
  20. 04: What is Life
  21. 4.01: What makes something living
  22. 4.02: Levels of Organization
  23. 4.03: The Diversity of Life
  24. 05: Cell Structure and Function
  25. 5.01: How Cells Are Studied
  26. 5.02: Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
  27. 5.03: The Plasma Membrane and The Cytoplasm
  28. 5.04: Ribosomes
  29. 5.05: The Cytoskeleton
  30. 5.06: Flagella and Cilia
  31. 5.07: The Endomembrane System
  32. 5.08: The Nucleus
  33. 5.09: The Endoplasmic Reticulum
  34. 5.10: The Golgi Apparatus
  35. 5.11: Vesicles and Vacuoles Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
  36. 5.12: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
  37. 5.13: The Cell Wall
  38. 5.14: Extracellular matrix and intercellular junctions
  39. 5.15: The Production of a Protein
  40. 5.16: Summary Table of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells and Functions
  41. 06: The Cell Membrane and Transport
  42. 6.01: The Plasma Membrane
  43. 6.02: Transport Across Membranes
  44. 6.03: Passive Transport - Diffusion
  45. 6.04: Passive Transport - Facilitated Transport
  46. 6.05: Passive Transport - Osmosis
  47. 6.06: Active Transport
  48. 07: Cell Communication
  49. 7.01: A Summary of Cell Communication
  50. 7.02: Types of Receptors
  51. 7.03: Types of signaling molecules
  52. 7.04: Propagation of the signal
  53. 7.05: Response to the signal
  54. 08: Enzyme-catalyzed reactions
  55. 8.01: Energy
  56. 8.02: Metabolic Pathways
  57. 8.03: Thermodynamics
  58. 8.04: Potential and Kinetic Energy
  59. 8.05: Free and Activation Energy
  60. 8.06: Enzymes
  61. 8.07: Feedback Inhibition in Metabolic Pathways
  62. 09: How cells obtain energy
  63. 9.01: Energy in Living Systems
  64. 9.02: From Mouth to Molecule - Digestion
  65. 9.03: Metabolism
  66. 9.04: An overview of Cellular Respiration
  67. 9.05: Aerobic Respiration Part 1 - Glycolysis
  68. 9.06: Aerobic Respiration Part 2 - Oxidation of Pyruvate and The Citric Acid Cycle
  69. 9.07: Aerobic Respiration Part 3 - Oxidative Phosphorylation
  70. 9.08: Metabolism without Oxygen - Fermentation
  71. 9.09: Metabolism of molecules other than glucose
  72. 9.10: Anaerobic Cellular Respiration in Prokaryotes
  73. 10: Photosynthesis
  74. 10.01: Putting photosynthesis into context
  75. 10.02: The structure of the chloroplast
  76. 10.03: Light and Pigments
  77. 10.04: The Light-Dependent Reactions
  78. 10.05: The Light Independent Reactions (aka the Calvin Cycle)
  79. 10.06: Photosynthesis in Prokaryotes
  80. 11: Cell Division - Binary Fission and Mitosis
  81. 11.01: How DNA is arranged in a cell
  82. 11.02: An Overview of DNA Replication
  83. 11.03: Prokaryotic Cell Division
  84. 11.04: The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
  85. 11.05: Control of the Cell Cycle
  86. 11.06: Cancer and the cell cycle
  87. 02: Chapter 2
  88. 12: DNA and Chromosome Structure
  89. 12.01: DNA Structure
  90. 12.02: DNA organization inside a cell
  91. 12.03: Homologous Chromosomes and Sexual Reproduction
  92. 13: DNA Replication
  93. 13.01: DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
  94. 13.02: DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
  95. 13.03: DNA Repair
  96. 14: Mutations
  97. 14.01: How do genes direct the production of proteins
  98. 14.02: How Gene Mutations Occur
  99. 14.03: Introduction to Genetic Disorders
  100. 14.04: Do all mutations affect health and development
  101. 14.05: Types of Mutations
  102. 14.06: Multifactorial Disorders and Genetic Predispositions
  103. 14.07: Changes in Numbers of Genes or Chromosomes
  104. 15: Protein Synthesis
  105. 15.01: The Genetic Code
  106. 15.02: Prokaryotic Transcription
  107. 15.03: Eukaryotic Transcription
  108. 15.04: Eukaryotic RNA Processing
  109. 15.05: Translation
  110. 15.06: Optional Section - Micropigs
  111. 16: Gene Regulation
  112. 16.01: Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Gene Expression
  113. 16.02: Eukaryotic epigenetic regulation
  114. 16.03: Eukaryotic Transcriptional Regulation
  115. 16.04: Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Regulation
  116. 16.05: Eukaryotic Translational and Post-Translational Regulation
  117. 16.06: Cancer and Gene Regulation
  118. 17: Meiosis - Sexual Reproduction
  119. 17.01: Overview of Meiosis
  120. 17.02: Meiosis I
  121. 17.03: Meiosis II
  122. 17.04: Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis
  123. 17.05: Errors in Meiosis
  124. 18: Patterns of Inheritance
  125. 18.01: Mendelian Genetics
  126. 18.02: Garden Pea Characteristics Revealed the Basics of Heredity
  127. 18.03: Phenotypes and Genotypes
  128. 18.04: Monohybrid Cross and the Punnett Square
  129. 18.05: Laws of Inheritance
  130. 18.06: Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance
  131. 18.07: Multiple Alleles
  132. 18.08: Sex-Linked Traits
  133. 18.09: Linked Genes Violate the Law of Independent Assortment
  134. 18.10: Epistasis
  135. 19: Genetics - Dog Coat Color
  136. 19.01: Introduction to Genetics
  137. 19.02: Pedigrees and Punnett Squares
  138. 19.03: Black fur color - a dominant trait
  139. 19.04: Yellow fur color - a recessive trait
  140. 19.05: Epistasis - the relationship between black brown and yellow fur
  141. 19.06: Brindle color - partial dominance and epistasis
  142. 19.07: Incomplete dominance - when traits blend
  143. 19.08: White spotting - when there's more than two alleles
  144. 19.09: Hemophilia - a sex-linked disorder
  145. 19.10: Overall phenotypes - putting it all together
  146. 19.11: KIT - embryonic lethality
  147. 19.12: It's not all in the genes - the effect of environment
  148. 19.13: Pleiotropy - one gene affects more than one trait
  149. 20: Biotechnology
  150. 20.01: DNA Isolation Gel Electrophoresis and PCR
  151. 20.02: Cloning
  152. 20.03: Genetic Engineering
  153. 20.04: Mapping Genomes
  154. 20.05: Applying Genomics
  155. 20.06: Proteomics
  156. 20.07: Whole Genome Sequencing
  157. 03: Chapter 3
  158. 21: Introduction to Evolution
  159. 21.01: Evidence of Evolution
  160. 21.02: Formation of New Species
  161. 21.03: Speciation
  162. 22: Evolution in Action
  163. 22.01: Population Evolution
  164. 22.02: Population Genetics
  165. 22.03: Adaptive Evolution
  166. 23: Evolutionary Relationships
  167. 23.01: Organizing Life on Earth
  168. 23.02: Determining Evolutionary Relationships
  169. 23.03: Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
  170. 24: Ecology and the Biosphere
  171. 24.01: The Scope of Ecology
  172. 24.02: Biogeography
  173. 24.03: Terrestrial Biomes
  174. 24.04: Aquatic Biomes
  175. 24.05: Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
  176. 25: Population and Community Ecology
  177. 25.01: Population Demography
  178. 25.02: Population Dynamics and Regulation
  179. 25.03: Life Histories and Natural Selection
  180. 25.04: Environmental Limits to Population Growth
  181. 25.05: Human Population Growth
  182. 25.06: Community Ecology
  183. 25.07: Behavioral Biology - Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
  184. 26: Ecosystems
  185. 26.01: Ecology of Ecosystems
  186. 26.02: Energy Flow through Ecosystems
  187. 26.03: Biogeochemical Cycles
  188. 27: Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
  189. 27.01: The Biodiversity Crisis
  190. 27.02: The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
  191. 27.03: Threats to Biodiversity
  192. 27.04: Preserving Biodiversity