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Introductory Chemistry

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Introductory Chemistry

A Textbook Map is an attempt to facilitate use of OER by recreating the sequence of content of an existing textbook. This is a Textbook Map of the Introductory Chemistry textbook, authored by Tro for 1-semester preparatory chemistry.

Introductory ChemistryChemistry
Author
LibreTexts
Publisher
Sacramento City College
Source
LibreTexts
License
CC BY
Language
EN
Category
Basic Sciences
Read online Download PDF (open licence)
Contents· 205 sections
  1. 01: The Chemical World
  2. 1.01: Sand and Water
  3. 1.02: Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things
  4. 1.03: The Scientific Method - How Chemists Think
  5. 1.04: Analyzing and Interpreting Data
  6. 1.05: A Beginning Chemist - How to Succeed
  7. 1.06: Hypothesis Theories and Laws
  8. 1.07: The Scope of Chemistry
  9. 1.E: Exercises
  10. 02: Measurement and Problem Solving
  11. 2.01: Taking Measurements
  12. 2.02: Scientific Notation - Writing Large and Small Numbers
  13. 2.03: Significant Figures - Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision
  14. 2.04: Significant Figures in Calculations
  15. 2.05: The Basic Units of Measurement
  16. 2.06: Problem Solving and Unit Conversions
  17. 2.07: Solving Multi-step Conversion Problems
  18. 2.08: Units Raised to a Power
  19. 2.09: Density
  20. 2.E: Measurement and Problem Solving (Exercises)
  21. 03: Matter and Energy
  22. 3.01: In Your Room
  23. 3.02: What is Matter
  24. 3.03: Classifying Matter According to Its StateSolid Liquid and Gas
  25. 3.04: Classifying Matter According to Its Composition
  26. 3.05: Differences in Matter- Physical and Chemical Properties
  27. 3.06: Changes in Matter - Physical and Chemical Changes
  28. 3.07: Conservation of Mass - There is No New Matter
  29. 3.08: Energy
  30. 3.09: Energy and Chemical and Physical Change
  31. 3.10: Temperature - Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms
  32. 3.11: Temperature Changes - Heat Capacity
  33. 3.12: Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations
  34. 3.E: Matter and Energy (Exercises)
  35. 04: Atoms and Elements
  36. 4.01: Cutting Aluminum until you get Atoms
  37. 4.02: Indivisible - The Atomic Theory
  38. 4.03: The Nuclear Atom
  39. 4.04: The Properties of Protons Neutrons and Electrons
  40. 4.05: Elements- Defined by Their Number of Protons
  41. 4.06: Looking for Patterns - The Periodic Table
  42. 4.07: Ions - Losing and Gaining Electrons
  43. 4.08: Isotopes - When the Number of Neutrons Varies
  44. 4.09: Atomic Mass - The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms
  45. 05: Molecules and Compounds
  46. 5.01: Sugar and Salt
  47. 5.02: Compounds Display Constant Composition
  48. 5.03: Chemical Formulas - How to Represent Compounds
  49. 5.04: A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds
  50. 5.05: Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds
  51. 5.06: Nomenclature- Naming Compounds
  52. 5.07: Naming Ionic Compounds
  53. 5.08: Naming Molecular Compounds
  54. 5.09: Naming Acids
  55. 5.10: Nomenclature Summary
  56. 5.11: Formula Mass - The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit
  57. 06: Chemical Composition
  58. 6.01: Prelude to Chemical Composition - How Much Sodium
  59. 6.02: Counting Nails by the Pound
  60. 6.03: Counting Atoms by the Gram
  61. 6.04: Counting Molecules by the Gram
  62. 6.05: Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors
  63. 6.06: Mass Percent Composition of Compounds
  64. 6.07: Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula
  65. 6.08: Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds
  66. 6.09: Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds
  67. 07: Chemical Reactions
  68. 7.02: Evidence of a Chemical Reaction
  69. 7.03: The Chemical Equation
  70. 7.04: How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations
  71. 7.05: Aqueous Solutions and Solubility - Compounds Dissolved in Water
  72. 7.06: Precipitation Reactions
  73. 7.07: Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution- Molecular Complete Ionic and Net Ionic Equations
  74. 7.08: AcidBase and Gas Evolution Reactions
  75. 7.09: OxidationReduction Reactions
  76. 7.10: Classifying Chemical Reactions
  77. 7.11: The Activity Series- Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions
  78. 08: Quantities in Chemical Reactions
  79. 8.01: Climate Change - Too Much Carbon Dioxide
  80. 8.02: Making Pancakes- Relationships Between Ingredients
  81. 8.03: Making Molecules- Mole-to-Mole Conversions
  82. 8.04: Making Molecules- Mass-to-Mass Conversions
  83. 8.05: Stoichiometry
  84. 8.06: Limiting Reactant and Theoretical Yield
  85. 8.07: Limiting Reactant Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants
  86. 8.08: Enthalpy Change is a Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed
  87. 09: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table
  88. 9.02: Light- Electromagnetic Radiation
  89. 9.03: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
  90. 9.04: The Bohr Model - Atoms with Orbits
  91. 9.05: The Quantum-Mechanical Model- Atoms with Orbitals
  92. 9.06: Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations
  93. 9.07: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
  94. 9.08: The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model
  95. 9.09: Periodic Trends - Atomic Size Ionization Energy and Metallic Character
  96. 9.E: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table (Exercises)
  97. 10: Chemical Bonding
  98. 10.01: Bonding Models and AIDs Drugs
  99. 10.02: Representing Valence Electrons with Dots
  100. 10.03: Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds- Electrons Transferred
  101. 10.04: Covalent Lewis Structures- Electrons Shared
  102. 10.05: Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds
  103. 10.06: Resonance - Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule
  104. 10.07: Predicting the Shapes of Molecules
  105. 10.08: Electronegativity and Polarity - Why Oil and Water Do not Mix
  106. 11: Gases
  107. 11.01: Extra-Long Straws
  108. 11.02: Kinetic Molecular Theory- A Model for Gases
  109. 11.03: Pressure - The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions
  110. 11.04: Boyles Law - Pressure and Volume
  111. 11.05: Charless Law- Volume and Temperature
  112. 11.06: The Combined Gas Law- Pressure Volume and Temperature
  113. 11.07: Avogadros Law- Volume and Moles
  114. 11.08: The Ideal Gas Law- Pressure Volume Temperature and Moles
  115. 11.09: Mixtures of Gases - Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen
  116. 11.11: Gay-Lussac's Law- Temperature and Pressure
  117. 12: Liquids Solids and Intermolecular Forces
  118. 12.01: Interactions between Molecules
  119. 12.02: Properties of Liquids and Solids
  120. 12.03: Intermolecular Forces in Action- Surface Tension and Viscosity
  121. 12.04: Evaporation and Condensation
  122. 12.05: Melting Freezing and Sublimation
  123. 12.06: Intermolecular Forces- Dispersion DipoleDipole Hydrogen Bonding and Ion-Dipole
  124. 12.07: Types of Crystalline Solids
  125. 12.08: Water - A Remarkable Molecule
  126. 13: Solutions
  127. 13.01: Tragedy in Cameroon
  128. 13.02: Solutions - Homogeneous Mixtures
  129. 13.03: Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water- How to Make Rock Candy
  130. 13.04: Solutions of Gases in Water
  131. 13.05: Specifying Solution Concentration- Mass Percent
  132. 13.06: Specifying Solution Concentration- Molarity
  133. 13.07: Solution Dilution
  134. 13.08: Solution Stoichiometry
  135. 13.09: Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation
  136. 13.10: Osmosis
  137. 14: Acids and Bases
  138. 14.01: Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies
  139. 14.02: Acids- Properties and Examples
  140. 14.03: Bases- Properties and Examples
  141. 14.04: Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases
  142. 14.05: Reactions of Acids and Bases
  143. 14.06: AcidBase Titration
  144. 14.07: Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
  145. 14.08: Water - Acid and Base in One
  146. 14.09: The pH and pOH Scales - Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity
  147. 14.10: Buffers- Solutions that Resist pH Change
  148. 14.11: Prelude - Sour Patch Kids
  149. 15: Chemical Equilibrium
  150. 15.02: The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
  151. 15.03: The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium
  152. 15.04: The Equilibrium Constant - A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes
  153. 15.05: Heterogeneous Equilibria- The Equilibrium Expression for Reactions Involving a Solid or a Liquid
  154. 15.06: Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants
  155. 15.07: Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium- Le Chateliers Principle
  156. 15.08: The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium
  157. 15.09: The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium
  158. 15.10: The Effect of Temperature Changes on Equilibrium
  159. 15.11: The Solubility-Product Constant
  160. 15.12: The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst
  161. 16: Oxidation and Reduction
  162. 16.02: Oxidation and Reduction- Some Definitions
  163. 16.03: Oxidation States- Electron Bookkeeping
  164. 16.04: Balancing Redox Equations
  165. 16.05: The Activity Series- Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions
  166. 16.06: Batteries- Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity
  167. 16.07: Electrolysis- Using Electricity to Do Chemistry
  168. 16.08: Corrosion- Undesirable Redox Reactions
  169. 17: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
  170. 17.02: The Discovery of Radioactivity
  171. 17.03: Types of Radioactivity- Alpha Beta and Gamma Decay
  172. 17.04: Detecting Radioactivity
  173. 17.05: Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life
  174. 17.06: Radiocarbon Dating- Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Other Artifacts
  175. 17.07: The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb
  176. 17.08: Nuclear Power- Using Fission to Generate Electricity
  177. 17.09: Nuclear Fusion- The Power of the Sun
  178. 17.10: The Effects of Radiation on Life
  179. 17.11: Radioactivity in Medicine
  180. 18: Organic Chemistry
  181. 18.01: What Do I Smell
  182. 18.02: Vitalism- the Difference Between Organic and Inorganic
  183. 18.03: Carbon- A Versitile Atom
  184. 18.04: Hydrocarbons- Compounds Containing Only Carbon and Hydrocarbon
  185. 18.05: Alkanes- Saturated Hydrocarbons
  186. 18.06: Isomers- Same Formula Different Structure
  187. 18.07: Naming Alkanes
  188. 18.08: Alkenes and Alkynes
  189. 18.09: Hydrocarbon Reactions
  190. 18.10: Aromatic Hydrocarbons
  191. 18.11: Functional Groups
  192. 18.12: Alcohols
  193. 18.13: Ethers
  194. 18.14: Aldehydes and Ketones
  195. 18.15: Carboxylic Acids and Esters
  196. 18.16: Amines
  197. 18.17: Polymers
  198. 19: Biochemistry
  199. 19.01: The Human Genome Project
  200. 19.02: The Cell and Its Main Chemical Components
  201. 19.03: Carbohydrates
  202. 19.04: Lipids
  203. 19.05: Proteins
  204. 19.06: Protein Structure
  205. 19.07: Nucleic Acids- Blueprints for Proteins