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CHEM 100: Foundations of Chemistry

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CHEM 100: Foundations of Chemistry

Chemistry
Publisher
LibreTexts
Source
LibreTexts
License
CC BY-NC-SA
Language
EN
Category
Basic Sciences
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Contents· 182 sections
  1. 01: The Chemical World
  2. 1.1: The Scope of Chemistry
  3. 1.2: Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things
  4. 1.3: Hypothesis Theories and Laws
  5. 1.4: The Scientific Method - How Chemists Think
  6. 1.5: A Beginning Chemist - How to Succeed
  7. 1.6: Exercises
  8. 02: Measurement and Problem Solving
  9. 2.01: Taking Measurements
  10. 2.02: Scientific Notation - Writing Large and Small Numbers
  11. 2.03: Significant Figures - Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision
  12. 2.04: Significant Figures in Calculations
  13. 2.05: The Basic Units of Measurement
  14. 2.06: Problem Solving and Unit Conversions
  15. 2.07: Solving Multistep Conversion Problems
  16. 2.08: Units Raised to a Power
  17. 2.09: Density
  18. 2.10: Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map
  19. 2.11: Measurement and Problem Solving (Exercises)
  20. 03: Matter and Energy
  21. 3.01: In Your Room
  22. 3.02: What is Matter
  23. 3.03: Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid Liquid and Gas
  24. 3.04: Classifying Matter According to Its Composition
  25. 3.05: Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties
  26. 3.06: Changes in Matter - Physical and Chemical Changes
  27. 3.07: Conservation of Mass - There is No New Matter
  28. 3.08: Energy
  29. 3.09: Energy and Chemical and Physical Change
  30. 3.10: Temperature - Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms
  31. 3.11: Temperature Changes - Heat Capacity
  32. 3.12: Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations
  33. 3.13: Matter and Energy (Exercises)
  34. 04: Atoms and Elements
  35. 4.1: Cutting Alumimun until you get Atoms
  36. 4.2: Indivisible - The Atomic Theory
  37. 4.3: The Nuclear Atom
  38. 4.4: The Properties of Protons Neutrons and Electrons
  39. 4.5: Elements: Defined by Their Number of Protons
  40. 4.6: Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Table
  41. 4.7: Ions - Losing and Gaining Electrons
  42. 4.8: Isotopes - When the Number of Neutrons Varies
  43. 4.9: Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms
  44. 05: Molecules and Compounds
  45. 5.01: Sugar and Salt
  46. 5.02: Compounds Display Constant Composition
  47. 5.03: Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds
  48. 5.04: A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds
  49. 5.05: Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds
  50. 5.06: Nomenclature: Naming Compounds
  51. 5.07: Naming Ionic Compounds
  52. 5.08: Naming Molecular Compounds
  53. 5.09: Naming Acids
  54. 5.10: Nomenclature Summary
  55. 5.11: Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit
  56. 06: Chemical Composition
  57. 6.1: How Much Sodium
  58. 6.2: Counting Nails by the Pound
  59. 6.3: Counting Atoms by the Gram
  60. 6.4: Counting Molecules by the Gram
  61. 6.5: Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors
  62. 6.6: Mass Percent Composition of Compounds
  63. 6.7: Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula
  64. 6.8: Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds
  65. 6.9: Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds
  66. 07: Chemical Reactions
  67. 7.01: Grade School Volcanoes Automobiles and Laundry Detergents
  68. 7.02: Evidence of a Chemical Reaction
  69. 7.03: Chemical Equations
  70. 7.04: How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations
  71. 7.05: Aqueous Solutions and Solubility - Compounds Dissolved in Water
  72. 7.06: Precipitation Reactions
  73. 7.07: Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution- Molecular Complete Ionic and Net Ionic Equations
  74. 7.08: AcidBase and Gas Evolution Reactions
  75. 7.09: OxidationReduction Reactions
  76. 7.10: Classifying Chemical Reactions
  77. 7.11: The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions
  78. 08: Quantities in Chemical Reactions
  79. 8.1: Climate Change - Too Much Carbon Dioxide
  80. 8.2: Stoichiometry
  81. 8.3: Mole-to-Mole Conversions
  82. 8.4: Making Molecules: Mole to Mass (or vice versa) and Mass-to-Mass Conversions
  83. 8.5: Limiting Reactant and Theoretical Yield
  84. 8.6: Limiting Reactant Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants
  85. 8.7: Enthalpy Change is a Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed
  86. 09: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table
  87. 9.01: Blimps Balloons and Models of the Atom
  88. 9.02: Light is Visible Electromagnetic Radiation
  89. 9.03: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
  90. 9.04: The Bohr Model - Atoms with Orbits
  91. 9.05: The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals
  92. 9.06: Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations
  93. 9.07: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
  94. 9.08: The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model
  95. 9.09: Periodic Trends: Atomic Size Ionization Energy and Metallic Character
  96. 9.10: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table (Exercises)
  97. 10: Chemical Bonding
  98. 10.1: Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs
  99. 10.2: Representing Valence Electrons with Dots
  100. 10.3: Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred
  101. 10.4: Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared
  102. 10.5: Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds
  103. 10.6: Resonance - Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule
  104. 10.7: Predicting the Shapes of Molecules
  105. 10.8: Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Dont Mix
  106. 11: Gases
  107. 11.01: Extra-Long Straws
  108. 11.02: Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases
  109. 11.03: Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions
  110. 11.04: Boyles Law: Pressure and Volume
  111. 11.05: Charless Law: Volume and Temperature
  112. 11.06: Gay-Lussac's Law: Temperature and Pressure
  113. 11.07: The Combined Gas Law: Pressure Volume and Temperature
  114. 11.08: Avogadros Law: Volume and Moles
  115. 11.09: The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure Volume Temperature and Moles
  116. 11.10: Mixtures of Gases - Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen
  117. 11.11: Gases in Chemical Reactions
  118. 12: Liquids Solids and Intermolecular Forces
  119. 12.1: Interactions between Molecules
  120. 12.2: Properties of Liquids and Solids
  121. 12.3: Surface Tension and Viscosity
  122. 12.4: Evaporation and Condensation
  123. 12.5: Melting Freezing and Sublimation
  124. 12.6: Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion DipoleDipole Hydrogen Bonding and Ion-Dipole
  125. 12.7: Types of Crystalline Solids
  126. 12.8: Water - A Remarkable Molecule
  127. 13: Solutions
  128. 13.01: Prelude - Tragedy in Cameroon
  129. 13.02: Solutions - Homogeneous Mixtures
  130. 13.03: Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy
  131. 13.04: Solutions of Gases in Water
  132. 13.05: Solution Concentration: Mass Percent
  133. 13.06: Solution Concentration: Molarity
  134. 13.07: Solution Dilution
  135. 13.08: Solution Stoichiometry
  136. 13.09: Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation
  137. 13.10: Osmosis
  138. 14: Acids and Bases
  139. 14.01: Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies
  140. 14.02: Acids: Properties and Examples
  141. 14.03: Bases: Properties and Examples
  142. 14.04: Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases
  143. 14.05: Reactions of Acids and Bases
  144. 14.06: AcidBase Titration
  145. 14.07: Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
  146. 14.08: Water - Acid and Base in One
  147. 14.09: The pH and pOH Scales - Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity
  148. 14.10: Buffers are Solutions that Resist pH Change
  149. 15: Chemical Equilibrium
  150. 15.01: Life is Controlled Disequilibrium
  151. 15.02: The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
  152. 15.03: The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium
  153. 15.04: The Equilibrium Constant - A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes
  154. 15.05: Heterogeneous Equilibria: The Equilibrium Expression for Reactions Involving a Solid or a Liquid
  155. 15.06: Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants
  156. 15.07: Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium: Le Chateliers Principle
  157. 15.08: The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium
  158. 15.09: The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium
  159. 15.10: The Effect of Temperature Changes on Equilibrium
  160. 15.11: The Solubility-Product Constant
  161. 15.12: The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst
  162. 16: Oxidation and Reduction
  163. 16.1: The End of the Internal Combustion Engine
  164. 16.2: Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions
  165. 16.3: Oxidation States - Electron Bookkeeping
  166. 16.4: Balancing Redox Equations
  167. 16.5: The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions
  168. 16.6: Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity
  169. 16.7: Electrolysis: Using Electricity to Do Chemistry
  170. 16.8: Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions
  171. 17: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
  172. 17.01: Diagnosing Appendicitis
  173. 17.02: The Discovery of Radioactivity
  174. 17.03: Types of Radioactivity: Alpha Beta and Gamma Decay
  175. 17.04: Detecting Radioactivity
  176. 17.05: Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life
  177. 17.06: Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Other Artifacts
  178. 17.07: The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb
  179. 17.08: Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity
  180. 17.09: Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun
  181. 17.10: The Effects of Radiation on Life
  182. 17.11: Radioactivity in Medicine