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Modern Applications of Chemistry

Chemistry

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Language: EN
Category: Basic Sciences

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Contents· 411 sections

01: Primer
1.01: The Structure of Atoms
1.1.01: Prelude to Atomic Structure
1.1.02: Groups of Related Elements
1.1.03: The Periodic Table
1.1.04: Valence
1.1.05: Exceptions to the Periodic Law
1.1.06: Implications of Periodicity for Atomic Theory
1.1.07: Radiation
1.1.08: The Electron
1.1.09: The Nucleus
1.02: Chemical Bonding - Electron Pairs and Octets
1.2.01: Prelude to Chemical Bonding
1.2.02: Ionic Bonding
1.2.03: Energy and the Formation of Ions
1.2.04: The Ionic Crystal Lattice
1.2.05: Ions and Noble-Gas Electron Configurations
1.2.06: Ionization Energies
1.2.07: Ionization of Transition and Inner Transition Elements
1.2.08: Electron Affinities
1.2.09: Binary Ionic Compounds and Their Properties
1.2.10: The Octet Rule
1.2.11: Physical Properties
1.2.11.01: Lecture Demonstrations
1.2.12: Chemical Properties
1.2.13: The Covalent Bond
1.2.14: Covalent Molecules and the Octet Rule
1.2.15: Writing Lewis Structures for Molecules
1.2.15.01: An Excess of Bonds
1.2.15.02: Deciding on a Skeleton Structure
1.2.15.03: Multiple Bonds
1.2.16: Examples of Lewis Structures
1.2.17: Polyatomic Ions
1.2.18: Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
1.2.19: Atomic Sizes
1.2.20: Ionic Sizes
1.2.21: Periodic Variation of IE and EA
1.2.21.01: Lecture Demonstrations
1.03: Further Aspects of Covalent Bonding
1.3.01: Prelude to Covalent Bonding
1.3.02: Exceptions to the Octet Rule
1.3.2.01: Biology- Biologically Active Exceptions to the Octet Rule
1.3.03: The Shapes of Molecules
1.3.3.01: Lecture Demonstrations
1.3.04: Molecules with Lone Pairs
1.3.4.01: Lecture Demonstrations
1.3.05: Multiple Bonds and Molecular Shapes
1.3.06: Hybrid Orbitals
1.3.07: Orbital Descriptions of Multiple Bonds
1.3.08: Sigma and Pi Bonds
1.3.09: Polarizability
1.3.9.01: Biology - Polarizability of Biologically Significant Atoms
1.3.10: Polar Covalent Bonds
1.3.10.01: Biology- Nonpolar Iodine and Polar Hydrogen Iodide
1.3.10.02: Lecture Demonstrations
1.3.11: Electronegativity
1.3.12: Polarity in Polyatomic Molecules
1.3.12.01: Biology- The Hydrophobic Effect and Properties of Small Polyatomic Molecules
1.3.12.02: Lecture Demonstrations
1.3.13: Formal Charge and Oxidation Numbers
1.3.14: Resonance
1.04: Properties of Organic Compounds
1.4.01: Prelude to Organic Compounds
1.4.02: Covalent Compounds and Intermolecular Forces
1.4.03: Dipole Forces
1.4.04: London Forces
1.4.4.01: picChapter 8 page 3.jpg
1.4.4.02: Atomic Radii
1.4.4.03: Atomic sizes on periodic table.jpg
1.4.4.04: Ionization Energies
1.4.4.4.01: pic IonizationEnergyAtomicWeight.PNG
1.4.4.05: Ionization Energies and Electron Affinities
1.4.4.5.01: Electron Affinities
1.4.4.5.1.01: pic Ionization Energies and Electron Affinities.jpg
1.4.4.06: Polarizability on London Forces.jpg
1.4.05: Hydrogen Bonding- Water
1.4.5.01: Atomic Radii and Ionic Radii
1.4.5.02: H-Bonding Between 2 HF Molecules.jpg
1.4.5.03: Nonmetal hydride bp.jpg
1.4.06: Ice and Water
1.4.6.01: pic Ice a hexagonal crystal.jpg
1.4.6.02: Boiling Points of Hydrides
1.4.07: Macromolecular Substances
1.4.08: Diamond and Graphite
1.4.09: Silicon Dioxide
1.4.10: Synthetic Macromolecules- Some Applied Organic Chemistry
1.4.11: Addition Polymers
1.4.12: Condensation Polymers
1.4.13: Cross-Linking
1.05: Acid and Base Naming
1.5.01: Polyatomic Ions
1.5.02: Naming Acids
1.5.03: Names and Formulas of Bases
02: Nuclear Chemistry
2.01: Components of the Nucleus
2.02: The Nuclear Atom
2.03: Atomic Structure and Isotopes
2.04: Isotopes
2.05: Transmutation and Radioactivity
2.06: Average Atomic Weights
2.07: Measurement of Atomic Weights
2.08: Nuclear Reactions
2.09: Nuclear Radiation
2.10: Rates of Radioactive Decay
2.11: Stability of the Atomic Nucleus
2.12: The Origin of the Elements
2.13: Transmutation of the Elements
2.14: Nuclear Fission
2.15: Nuclear Fusion
2.16: Nuclear Chemistry (Exercises)
03: Physical Properties of Gases
3.01: Properties of Gases
3.02: Gas Pressure
3.03: Relationships among Pressure Temperature Volume and Amount
3.04: The Ideal Gas Law
3.05: Gas Volumes and Stoichiometry
3.06: Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
3.07: Connecting Gas Properties to Kinetic Molecular Theory
3.08: Chapter Problems
04: Intermolecular Forces
4.01: Intermolecular Forces
4.02: Properties of Liquids
4.03: Intermolecular Forces and the Solution Process
05: Solids
5.01: Prelude to Liquids and Solids
5.02: Carbon and Silicon- Network Atomic Solids
5.03: The Solid State of Matter
5.04: Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
5.05: Bonding in Metals and Semiconductors
5.06: Liquids and Solids (Exercises)
06: Phases and Phase Transitions
6.01: Prelude to Liquids and Solids
6.02: Intermolecular Forces Review
6.03: Properties of Liquids
6.04: Phase Transitions- Overview
6.05: Phase Transitions
6.06: Vaporization and Vapor Pressure
6.07: Sublimation and Fusion
6.08: Heating Curve for Water
6.09: Phase Diagrams
6.10: Water - An Extraordinary Substance
07: Solutions and their Physical Properties
7.01: Types of Solutions- Some Terminology
7.02: Mixtures of Gases
7.03: Solution Concentration
7.04: Intermolecular Forces and the Solution Process
7.05: Solution Formation and Equilibrium
7.06: Solubilities of Gases
7.07: Vapor Pressures of Solutions
7.08: Osmotic Pressure
7.09: Freezing-Point Depression and Boiling-Point Elevation of Nonelectrolyte Solutions
7.10: Solutions of Electrolytes
7.11: Colloidal Mixtures
7.12: Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria
7.12.01: Solubility Product Constant Ksp
7.12.02: Relationship Between Solubility and Ksp
7.12.03: Common-Ion Effect in Solubility Equilibria
7.12.04: Limitations of the Ksp Concept
7.12.05: Criteria for Precipitation and its Completeness
7.12.06: Fractional Precipitation
7.12.07: Solubility and pH
7.12.08: Equilibria Involving Complex Ions
7.12.09: Qualitative Cation Analysis
08: Acids and Bases
8.01: Acids and Bases at Equilibrium
8.1.01: Arrhenius Theory- A Brief Review
8.1.02: Brnsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases
8.1.03: Self-Ionization of Water and the pH Scale
8.1.04: Introduction to Strong Acids and Bases
8.1.05: Strong Acids and Strong Bases
8.1.06: Weak Acids and Weak Bases
8.1.07: Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs and pH
8.1.08: Polyprotic Acids
8.1.09: Ions as Acids and Bases
8.1.10: Molecular Structure and Acid-Base Behavior
8.1.11: Lewis Acids and Bases
8.1.12: Common-Ion Effect in AcidBase Equilibria
8.02: Additional Aspects of Acid-Base Equilibria
8.2.01: Buffer Solutions
8.2.02: AcidBase Indicators
8.2.03: Neutralization Reactions and Titration Curves
8.2.04: Solutions of Salts of Polyprotic Acids
8.2.05: AcidBase Equilibrium Calculations- A Summary
8.2.06: Exercises on Acids and Bases II
8.2.07: E3. Solubility Constants for Compounds at 25C Data Table
8.2.08: pH Calculations for AcidBase Titrations
09: Electrochemistry
9.01: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
9.02: Balancing Redox Reactions
9.03: Galvanic Cells
9.04: Standard Electrode Potentials
9.05: Strengths of Oxidants and Reductants
9.06: E G and K (The Big Triangle of Chemistry)
9.07: Cell Potential as a Function of Concentrations
9.08: Batteries- Producing Electricity Through Chemical Reactions
9.09: Corrosion- Unwanted Voltaic Cells
9.10: Electrolysis- Causing Nonspontaneous Reactions to Occur
10: Coordination Chemistry
10.01: Werners Theory of Coordination Compounds
10.02: Ligands
10.03: Nomenclature
10.04: Isomerism
10.05: Optical Isomerism in Metal Complexes
10.06: Stability Aspects of Complex-Ion Equilibria
10.07: Chelation
10.08: Bonding in Octahedral Complex Ions- Crystal Field Theory
10.09: Bonding in Non-Octahedral Complex Ions- Crystal Field Theory
10.10: High Spin and Low Spin Complexes
10.11: Magnetic Behavior of Atoms Molecules and Materials
10.12: Magnetic Behavior of Complex Ions
10.13: Optical Properties of Coordination Compounds (Color)
11: Applications in Polymer and Biological Chemistry
11.01: Bioinorganic Chemistry
11.1.01: A Molecular Depot- Human Serum Albumin Carries Essential Cu and Zn in Serum
11.1.02: Iron acquisition in bacteria- Siderophores
11.1.03: Fe Wars- Lactoferrin
11.1.04: Iron Storage- Ferritin
11.1.05: Antioxidant- Cu Zn Superoxide dismutase (SOD1)
11.1.06: Keep Cu Safe- Intracellular Copper Chaperones
11.1.07: Cytochrome C
11.1.08: Cytochrome Oxidase
11.1.09: Potassium Channels
11.1.10: Chemotherapy- Pt anticancer agents
11.02: Bioinorganic Chemistry (Bertini et al.)
11.2.01: Transition-Metal Storage Transport and Biomineralization
11.2.1.01: Biological Significance of Iron Zinc Copper Molybdenum Cobalt Chromium Vanadium and Nickel
11.2.1.02: Biological Systems of Metal Storage
11.2.1.03: Chemical Properties Relative to Storage and Transport
11.2.1.04: Iron Biomineralization
11.2.1.05: Transport of Iron
11.2.1.06: Transport of Zinc Copper Vanadium Chromium Molybdenum and Cobalt
11.2.02: The Reaction Pathways of Zinc Enzymes and Related Biological Catalysts
11.2.2.01: About Carbonic Anhydrase
11.2.2.02: Acid-base Equilibria
11.2.2.03: Catalytic Mechanism
11.2.2.04: Coordinated Water and NMR
11.2.2.05: Coordination Geometries
11.2.2.06: Ester Hydrolysis and Phosphoryl Transfer
11.2.2.07: Group Transfer and Vitamin B-12
11.2.2.08: Metal Substitution
11.2.2.09: Model Chemistry
11.2.2.10: Nucleophilic Addition of (OH-) and (H-)
11.2.2.11: Peptide Hydrolysis
11.2.2.12: pH Dependence of Inhibitor Binding
11.2.2.13: Selecting Zinc
11.2.2.14: Steady-State and Equilibrium Kinetics of Carbonic Anhydrase-Catalyzed (CO 2 HCO 3-) Interconversion
11.2.2.15: Strategies for the Investigation of Zinc Enzymes
11.2.2.16: The Natural Catalysts
11.2.2.17: What Do We Learn
11.2.03: Calcium in Biological Systems
11.2.3.01: Ca-binding Proteins in Microorganisms- The Search for a Prokaryotic Calmodulin
11.2.3.02: Basic Facts About Calcium- Its Compounds and Reactions
11.2.3.03: Calcium in Mineralized Tissues
11.2.3.04: Calmodulin
11.2.3.05: Extracellular Calcium Ion-binding Proteins
11.2.3.06: Inositol Trisphosphate and the Calcium Ion Messenger System
11.2.3.07: Intracellular Calcium Ion Transport
11.2.3.08: Measurements of Free Calcium Concentrations
11.2.3.09: Measurements of Total Calcium Concentrations
11.2.3.10: Mitochondrial Calcium Ion Transport
11.2.3.11: Molecular Aspects of Calcium Ion-Regulated Intracellular Processes (Part 1)
11.2.3.12: Molecular Aspects of Calcium Ion-regulated Intracellular Processes (Part 2)
11.2.3.13: Paravalbumin and Calbindins (D 9K) and (D 28K)
11.2.3.14: The Transport and Regulation of Ca Ions in Higher Organisms
11.2.3.15: Troponin C
11.2.04: Biological and Synthetic Dioxygen Carriers
11.2.4.01: Biological Dioxygen Transport Systems
11.2.4.02: Biological Oxygen Carriers
11.2.4.03: Detailed Structures of Hemoglobins and Model Systems
11.2.4.04: Dioxygen Carriers and Bioinorganic Chemistry
11.2.4.05: General Aspects of the Chemistry of Cobalt
11.2.4.06: General Aspects of the Chemistry of Copper
11.2.4.07: General Aspects of the Chemistry of Dioxygen
11.2.4.08: General Aspects of the Chemistry of Iron
11.2.4.09: General Structural Features that Modulate Ligand Activity
11.2.4.10: Hazards of Life with Dioxygen
11.2.4.11: Nature of the Metal-Dioxygen Linkage in Biological Systems
11.2.4.12: Other Ligands for Biological Oxygen Carriers
11.2.4.13: Requirements for a Model System for Hemoglobin
11.2.4.14: Requirements for Effective Oxygen Carriers
11.2.4.15: Role of the Protein in Effecting Biological Oxygen Transport
11.2.4.16: Selected Chemistry of Dioxygen Iron Copper and Cobalt
11.2.4.17: Stereochemical Changes Upon Ligation
11.2.4.18: Structural Basis of Ligand Affinities of Oxygen Carriers
11.2.4.19: Structures Relevant to Liganded Hemoglobins
11.2.4.20: Thermodynamic Factors
11.2.4.21: Ch. 4 References and Abbreviations
11.2.05: Dioxygen Reactions
11.2.5.01: Catalase and Peroxidase
11.2.5.02: Chemistry of Dioxygen
11.2.5.03: Copper-zinc Superoxide Dismutase
11.2.5.04: Cytochrome c Oxidase
11.2.5.05: Dioxygen Toxicity
11.2.5.06: Monooxygenases
11.2.5.07: Oxygenases
11.2.06: Electron Transfer
11.2.6.01: Biological Redox Components
11.2.6.02: Coupling Electron Transfers and Substrate Activation
11.2.6.03: Electron-transfer Rates
11.2.6.04: Electron-Transfer Theory
11.2.6.05: Energy Storage and Release
11.2.6.06: Long-range Electron Transfer in Proteins (Part 1)
11.2.6.07: Long-range Electron Transfer in Proteins (Part 2)
11.2.6.08: Marcus Theory
11.2.07: Ferrodoxins Hydrogenases and Nitrogenases - Metal-Sulfide Proteins
11.2.7.01: Iron-sulfur Proteins and Models
11.2.7.02: Iron-sulfur Proteins and Models (Part 2)
11.2.7.03: Iron-sulfur Proteins and Models (Part 3)
11.2.7.04: Iron-sulfur Proteins and Models (Part 4)
11.2.7.05: Multisite Redox Enzymes
11.2.7.06: Multisite Redox Enzymes (Part 2)
11.2.7.07: Multisite Redox Enzymes (Part 3)
11.2.7.08: Multisite Redox Enzymes (Part 4)
11.2.7.09: Multisite Redox Enzymes (Part 5)
11.2.7.10: Multisite Redox Enzymes (Part 6)
11.2.7.11: Report on the Nitrogenase Crystal Structure(378-381)
11.2.7.12: Rubredoxin- A Single-Fe Tetrathiolate Protein
11.2.08: Metal Nucleic Acid Interactions
11.2.8.01: The Basics
11.2.8.02: The Basics (Part 2)
11.2.8.03: A Case Study- Tris(phenanthroline) Metal Complexes
11.2.8.04: Applications of Different Metal Complexes that Bind Nucleic Acids
11.2.8.05: Applications of Different Metal Complexes that Bind Nucleic Acids (Part 2)
11.2.8.06: Nature's Use of Metal Nucleic-acid Interactions
11.2.09: Metals in Medicine
11.2.9.01: Metal Deficiency and Disease
11.2.9.02: Toxic Effects of Metals
11.2.9.03: Aspects of Platinum Binding to DNA
11.2.9.04: Survey of Metals Used for Diagnosis and Chemotherapy
11.2.9.05: Platinum Anticancer Drugs- A Case Study
11.2.9.06: Mapping the Major Adducts ofcis-andtrans-DDP on DNA Sequence Specificity
11.2.9.07: Structure of Platinum-DNA Complexes
11.2.9.08: Site-specifically Platinated DNA (154)
11.2.9.09: Bioinorganic Chemistry of Platinum Anticancer Drugs- How Might They Work
11.2.9.10: Bioinorganic Chemistry of Platinum Anticancer Drugs How Might They Work (Part 2)
11.2.9.11: Design of New Inorganic Anticancer Drugs
11.03: Cisplatin - The Invention of an Anticancer Drug
11.3.01: Cisplatin 1. Study of the Effect of Electric Fields on E. coli
11.3.02: Cisplatin 2. Control Experiments for the Effect of Electric Fields on E. coli
11.3.03: Cisplatin 3. Redox Chemistry
11.3.04: Cisplatin 4. Electrochemistry
11.3.05: Cisplatin 5. The Role of Platinum Electrodes
11.3.06: Cisplatin 6. Transition Metal Chemistry
11.3.07: Cisplatin 7. Bioinorganic Chemistry
11.3.08: Cisplatin 8. Discovery of Cisplatin
11.3.09: Cisplatin 9. The Discovery - One Scientist's Story
11.3.10: Cisplatin 10. Research as a Career
11.3.11: Cisplatin 11. Cisplatin as an Anticancer Drug
11.3.12: Cisplatin 12. Modes of Action of Cisplatin
11.3.13: Cisplatin 13. Further Studies Recent Developments
11.3.14: Cisplatin 14. DNA
11.3.15: Cisplatin 15. FDA Drug Approval Process
11.3.16: Cisplatin 16. Profits from Cisplatin
11.3.17: Cisplatin 17. Drug Resistance
11.3.18: Cisplatin 18. Toxicity
11.3.19: Cisplatin 19. Cancer
11.3.20: Cisplatin 20. Other Treatments for Cancer
11.04: Polymeric Materials and Soft Condensed Matter
11.4.01: Polymerization Reactions for Synthetic Polymers
11.4.02: Natural Polymers
11.05: Polymer Chemistry (Schaller)
11.5.01: Monomers and Polymers
11.5.1.01: Difunctional Carboxyloids
11.5.1.02: Cyclic Carboxyloids
11.5.1.03: Olefins
11.5.1.04: Cyclic Olefins
11.5.1.05: Coordination Polymers
11.5.1.06: Supramolecular Assemblies
11.5.1.07: Other Polymers
11.5.1.08: Polymer Topology
11.5.1.E: Solutions for Selected Problems
11.5.02: Synthetic Methods in Polymer Chemistry
11.5.2.01: Ziegler-Natta Polymerization
11.5.2.02: Solutions to Selected Problems
11.5.2.03: Step Growth and Chain Growth
11.5.2.04: Cationic Polymerization
11.5.2.05: Living Cationic Polymerization
11.5.2.06: Anionic Polymerization
11.5.2.07: Living Anionic Polymerization
11.5.2.08: Ring-Opening Polymerization
11.5.2.09: Radical Polymerization
11.5.2.10: Living Radical Polymerization- RAFT
11.5.2.11: Living Radical Polymerization- ATRP
11.5.03: Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Polymerization
11.5.3.01: Thermodynamics of Polymerization
11.5.3.02: Kinetics of Step-Growth Polymerization
11.5.3.03: Kinetics of Chain Polymerization
11.5.3.04: Kinetics of Catalytic Polymerization
11.5.3.05: Solutions to Selected Problems
11.5.04: Polymer Properties
11.5.4.01: Molecular Weight of Polymers
11.5.4.02: Viscosity of Polymers
11.5.4.03: Rheology
11.5.4.04: Glass Transition
11.5.4.05: Crystallinity in Polymers
11.5.4.06: Microphase Separation
11.5.4.07: Stress-Strain Relationships
11.5.4.08: Storage and Loss Modulus
11.5.4.09: Modulus Temperature Time
11.5.4.10: Chapter Solutions
11.06: Synthetic Polymers
11.6.01: Introduction
11.6.02: Chain-Growth PolymersAddition Polymers
11.6.03: Anionic Polymerization of Epoxides
11.6.04: ZieglerNatta Catalysts and Polymer Stereochemistry
11.6.05: Natural and Synthetic Rubbers
11.6.06: Step-Growth PolymersCondensation Polymers
11.6.07: Polymer Structure and Properties
11.6.08: Green Polymer Synthesis
11.6.09: Polymer Recycling and Disposal
12: Reading