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Chemistry (OpenStax)
This Textmap is designed for the two-semester general chemistry course. For many students, this course provides the foundation to a career in chemistry, while for others, this may be their only college-level science course. As such, this textbook provides an important opportunity for students to learn the core concepts of chemistry and understand how those concepts apply to their lives and the world around them.
- Author
- Flowers, Theopold and Langley
- Publisher
- LibreTexts
- Source
- LibreTexts
- License
- CC BY
- Language
- EN
- Category
- Accounting & Auditing
Contents· 179 sections
- 01: Essential Ideas of Chemistry
- 1.01: Chemistry in Context
- 1.02: Phases and Classification of Matter
- 1.03: Physical and Chemical Properties
- 1.04: Measurements
- 1.05: Measurement Uncertainty Accuracy and Precision
- 1.06: Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
- 1.E: Essential Ideas of Chemistry (Exercises)
- 02: Atoms Molecules and Ions
- 2.01: Prelude to Atoms
- 2.02: Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
- 2.03: Evolution of Atomic Theory
- 2.04: Atomic Structure and Symbolism
- 2.05: Chemical Formulas
- 2.06: The Periodic Table
- 2.07: Molecular and Ionic Compounds
- 2.08: Chemical Nomenclature
- 2.E: Atoms Molecules and Ions (Exercises)
- 03: Composition of Substances and Solutions
- 3.01: Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
- 3.02: Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
- 3.03: Molarity
- 3.04: Other Units for Solution Concentrations
- 3.E: Composition of Substances and Solutions (Exercises)
- 04: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
- 4.01: Prelude to Stoichiometry
- 4.02: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
- 4.03: Classifying Chemical Reactions
- 4.04: Reaction Stoichiometry
- 4.05: Reaction Yields
- 4.06: Quantitative Chemical Analysis
- 4.E: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions (Exercises)
- 05: Thermochemistry
- 5.01: Prelude to Thermochemistry
- 5.02: Energy Basics
- 5.03: Calorimetry
- 5.04: Enthalpy
- 5.E: Thermochemistry (Exercises)
- 06: Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties
- 6.01: Electromagnetic Energy
- 6.02: The Bohr Model
- 6.03: Development of Quantum Theory
- 6.04: Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
- 6.05: Periodic Variations in Element Properties
- 6.E: Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties (Exercises)
- 07: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
- 7.01: Prelude to Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
- 7.02: Ionic Bonding
- 7.03: Covalent Bonding
- 7.04: Lewis Symbols and Structures
- 7.05: Formal Charges and Resonance
- 7.06: Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
- 7.07: Molecular Structure and Polarity
- 7.E: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry (Exercises)
- 08: Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding
- 8.01: Prelude to Covalent Bonding
- 8.02: Valence Bond Theory
- 8.03: Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
- 8.04: Multiple Bonds
- 8.05: Molecular Orbital Theory
- 8.E: Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding (Exercises)
- 09: Gases
- 9.01: Gas Pressure
- 9.02: Relating Pressure Volume Amount and Temperature - The Ideal Gas Law
- 9.03: Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances Mixtures and Reactions
- 9.04: Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
- 9.05: The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
- 9.06: Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
- 9.E: Gases (Exercises)
- 10: Liquids and Solids
- 10.01: Prelude to Liquids and Solids
- 10.02: Intermolecular Forces
- 10.03: Properties of Liquids
- 10.04: Phase Transitions
- 10.05: Phase Diagrams
- 10.06: The Solid State of Matter
- 10.07: Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
- 10.E: Liquids and Solids (Exercises)
- 11: Solutions and Colloids
- 11.01: Prelude to Solutions and Colloids
- 11.02: The Dissolution Process
- 11.03: Electrolytes
- 11.04: Solubility
- 11.05: Colligative Properties
- 11.06: Colloids
- 11.E: Solutions and Colloids (Exercises)
- 12: Kinetics
- 12.01: Prelude to Kinetics
- 12.02: Chemical Reaction Rates
- 12.03: Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
- 12.04: Rate Laws
- 12.05: Integrated Rate Laws
- 12.06: Collision Theory
- 12.07: Reaction Mechanisms
- 12.08: Catalysis
- 12.E: Kinetics (Exercises)
- 13: Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
- 13.01: Prelude to Equilibrium
- 13.02: Chemical Equilibria
- 13.03: Equilibrium Constants
- 13.04: Shifting Equilibria - Le Chateliers Principle
- 13.05: Equilibrium Calculations
- 13.E: Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts (Exercises)
- 14: Acid-Base Equilibria
- 14.01: Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
- 14.02: pH and pOH
- 14.03: Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
- 14.04: Hydrolysis of Salt Solutions
- 14.05: Polyprotic Acids
- 14.06: Buffers
- 14.07: Acid-Base Titrations
- 14.E: Acid-Base Equilibria (Exercises)
- 15: Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes
- 15.01: Precipitation and Dissolution
- 15.02: Lewis Acids and Bases
- 15.03: Coupled Equilibria
- 15.E: Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes (Exercises)
- 16: Thermodynamics
- 16.01: Spontaneity
- 16.02: Entropy
- 16.03: The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
- 16.04: Gibbs Energy
- 16.E: Thermodynamics (Exercises)
- 17: Electrochemistry
- 17.01: Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- 17.02: Galvanic Cells
- 17.03: Standard Reduction Potentials
- 17.04: The Nernst Equation
- 17.05: Batteries and Fuel Cells
- 17.06: Corrosion
- 17.07: Electrolysis
- 17.E: Electrochemistry (Exercises)
- 18: Representative Metals Metalloids and Nonmetals
- 18.01: Periodicity
- 18.02: Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
- 18.03: Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
- 18.04: Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
- 18.05: Occurrence Preparation and Compounds of Hydrogen
- 18.06: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Carbonates
- 18.07: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Nitrogen
- 18.08: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Phosphorus
- 18.09: Occurrence Preparation and Compounds of Oxygen
- 18.10: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Sulfur
- 18.11: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Halogens
- 18.12: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of the Noble Gases
- 18.E: Representative Metals Metalloids and Nonmetals (Exercises)
- 19: Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
- 19.01: Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
- 19.02: Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
- 19.03: Optical and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
- 19.E: Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry (Exercises)
- 20: Organic Chemistry
- 20.01: Prelude to Organic Chemistry
- 20.02: Hydrocarbons
- 20.03: Alcohols and Ethers
- 20.04: Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic Acids and Esters
- 20.05: Amines and Amides
- 20.E: Organic Chemistry (Exercises)
- 21: Nuclear Chemistry
- 21.01: Nuclear Structure and Stability
- 21.02: Nuclear Equations
- 21.03: Radioactive Decay
- 21.04: Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
- 21.05: Uses of Radioisotopes
- 21.06: Biological Effects of Radiation
- 21.E: Nuclear Chemistry (Exercises)
- 22: Appendices
- 22.01: Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases
- 22.02: Essential Mathematics
- 22.03: Formation Constants for Complex Ions
- 22.04: Fundamental Physical Constants
- 22.05: Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
- 22.06: Ionization Constants of Weak Bases
- 22.07: Solubility Products
- 22.08: Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
- 22.09: Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
- 22.10: The Periodic Table
- 22.11: Units and Conversion Factors
- 22.12: Water Properties