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Microbiology

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Microbiology

MicrobiologyBiology
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Boundless
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Basic Sciences
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Contents· 1016 sections
  1. 01: Introduction to Microbiology
  2. 1.01: Introduction to Microbiology
  3. 1.1A: Defining Microbes
  4. 1.1B: History of Microbiology - Hooke van Leeuwenhoek and Cohn
  5. 1.1C: Pasteur and Spontaneous Generation
  6. 1.1D: Koch and Pure Culture
  7. 1.02: Microbes and the World
  8. 1.2.01: 1.2A Types of Microorganisms
  9. 1.2B: Classification of Microorganisms
  10. 1.2C: Microbes and the Origin of Life on Earth
  11. 1.2D: Environmental Diversity of Microbes
  12. 1.03: The Science of Microbiology
  13. 1.3.01: 1.3B Applied Microbiology
  14. 1.3A: Basic Microbiology
  15. 1.3C: Immunization Antiseptics and Antibiotics
  16. 1.3D: Modern Microbiology
  17. 02: Chemistry
  18. 2.01: Atomic Structure
  19. 2.1.01: Overview of Atomic Structure
  20. 2.1.02: Electronic Orbitals
  21. 2.02: Chemical Bonds
  22. 2.2.01: Ions and Ionic Bonds
  23. 2.2.02: Colvalent Bonds and Other Bonds and Interaction
  24. 2.2.03: Hydrogen Bonding
  25. 2.2.04: Avogadro's Number and the Mole
  26. 2.2.05: Average Atomic Mass
  27. 2.03: Chemical Reactions
  28. 2.3.01: The Chemical Basis of Life
  29. 2.3.02: Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
  30. 2.04: Inorganic Compounds
  31. 2.4.01: Water's State- Gas Liquid and Solid
  32. 2.4.02: pH Buffers Acids and Bases
  33. 2.4.03: Overview of the Acid- Base Properties of Salt
  34. 2.05: Organic Compounds
  35. 2.5.01: Carbohydrate Molecules
  36. 2.5.02: Lipid Molecules
  37. 2.5.03: DNA and RNA
  38. 2.5.04: Amino Acids
  39. 2.5.05: Types and Functions of Protiens
  40. 2.5.06: ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate
  41. 2.06: Energy
  42. 2.6.01: Metabolism of Carbohydrates
  43. 2.6.02: Free Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
  44. 2.6.03: Internal Energy and Enthaply
  45. 2.07: Enzymes
  46. 2.7.01: Control of Metabolism Through Enzyme Regulation
  47. 2.7.02: Enzyme Active Site and Substrate Specificity
  48. 03: Microscopy
  49. 3.01: Looking at Microbes
  50. 3.1A: Microbe Size
  51. 3.1B: Units of Measurement for Microbes
  52. 3.1C: Refraction and Magnification
  53. 3.1D: Magnification and Resolution
  54. 3.02: Other Types of Microscopy
  55. 3.2A: Microscopy
  56. 3.2B: General Staining Methods
  57. 3.03: Other Types of Microscopy
  58. 3.3A: Dark-Field Microscopy
  59. 3.3B: Phase-Contrast Microscopy
  60. 3.3C: Interference Microscopy
  61. 3.3D: Fluorescence Microscopy
  62. 3.3E: Confocal Micropscopy
  63. 3.3F: Electron Microscopy
  64. 3.3G: Scanned-Probe Microscopy
  65. 3.3H: X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
  66. 04: Cell Structure of Bacteria Archaea and Eukaryotes
  67. 4.01: Overview of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
  68. 4.1A: Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells
  69. 4.02: The Cytoplasmic Membrane of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
  70. 4.2A: Components of Plasma Membranes
  71. 4.03: Transport Across the Cell Membrane
  72. 4.3A: Facilitated Transport
  73. 4.3B: Primary Active Transport
  74. 4.3C: ABC Transporters
  75. 4.3D: Siderophores
  76. 4.3E: Group Translocation
  77. 4.04: Cell Walls of Prokaryotes
  78. 4.4A: The Cell Wall of Bacteria
  79. 4.4B: Gram-Negative Outer Membrane
  80. 4.4C: Gram-Positive Cell Envelope
  81. 4.4D: Mycoplasmas and Other Cell-Wall-Deficient Bacteria
  82. 4.4E: Cell Walls of Archaea
  83. 4.4F: Damage of the Cell Wall
  84. 4.05: Specialized External Structures of Prokaryotes
  85. 4.5A: Endospores
  86. 4.06: Specialized Internal Structures of Prokaryotes
  87. 4.6A: Ribosomes
  88. 4.6B: Cell Inclusions and Storage Granules
  89. 4.6C: Carboxysomes
  90. 4.6D: Magnetosomes
  91. 4.6E: Gas Vesicles
  92. 4.07: Internal Structures of Eukaryotic Cells
  93. 4.7A: The Nucleus and Ribosomes
  94. 4.7B: Mitochondria
  95. 4.7C: Comparing Plant and Animal Cells
  96. 4.7D: The Endoplasmic Reticulum
  97. 4.7E: The Golgi Apparatus
  98. 4.08: Other Eukaryotic Components
  99. 4.8A: Peroxisomes
  100. 4.8B: Lysosomes
  101. 4.8C: Intermediate Filaments and Microtubules
  102. 4.8D: Extracellular Matrix of Animal Cells
  103. 4.09: Protein Export and Secretion
  104. 4.9A: Endocytosis
  105. 4.10: Studying Cells
  106. 4.10A: Microscopy
  107. 4.10B: Crystallographic Analysis
  108. 4.10C: Genetic Analysis
  109. 05: Microbial Metabolism
  110. 5.01: Types of Metabolism
  111. 5.1A: Photoautotrophs and Photohetrotrophs
  112. 5.1B: Chemoautotrophs and Chemohetrotrophs
  113. 5.02: Energy Production
  114. 5.2A: Control of Catabolic Pathways
  115. 5.2B: Transforming Chemical Energy
  116. 5.2C: Connecting Other Sugars to Glucose Metabolism
  117. 5.03: Catabolism
  118. 5.3A: Types of Catabolism
  119. 5.3B: Pyruvic Acid and Metabolism
  120. 5.04: Glycolysis
  121. 5.4A: Importance of Glycolysis
  122. 5.4B: Electron Donors and Acceptors
  123. 5.4C: ATP Yield
  124. 5.4D: Respiration and Proton Motive Force
  125. 5.05: Respiratory ETS and ATP Synthase
  126. 5.5A: Cofactors and Energy Transitions
  127. 5.5B: Oxidoreductase Protein Complexes
  128. 5.5C: F10 ATP Synthase
  129. 5.5D: Sodium Pumps as an Alternative to Proton Pump
  130. 5.06: The Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
  131. 5.6A: Citric Acid Cycle
  132. 5.6B: Breakdown of Pyruvate
  133. 5.6C: Acetyl CoA and the Citric Acid Cycle
  134. 5.07: Alternatives to Glycolysis
  135. 5.7A: The Entner-Doudoroff Pathway
  136. 5.7B: Aerobic Hydrocarbon Oxidation
  137. 5.7C: The Pentose Phosphate Shunt
  138. 5.7D: Organic Acid Metabolism
  139. 5.7E: Lipid Metabolism
  140. 5.7F: Connecting Proteins to Glucose Metabolism
  141. 5.7G: Methylotrophy and Methanotrophy
  142. 5.08: Fermentation
  143. 5.8A: Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
  144. 5.8B: Clostridial and Propionic Acid Fermentation
  145. 5.8C: Fermentation Without Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
  146. 5.8C: Syntrophy
  147. 5.09: Anaerobic Respiration
  148. 5.9A: Electron Donors and Acceptors in Anaerobic Respiration
  149. 5.9B: Nitrate Reduction and Denitrification
  150. 5.9C: Sulfate and Sulfur Reduction
  151. 5.9D: Methanogenesis
  152. 5.9E: Proton Reduction
  153. 5.9F: Anoxic Hydrocarbon Oxidation
  154. 5.10: Chemolithotrophy
  155. 5.10A: The Energetics of Chemolithotrophy
  156. 5.10B: Hydrogen Oxidation
  157. 5.10C: Oxidation of Reduced Sulfur Compounds
  158. 5.10D: Iron Oxidation
  159. 5.10E: Nitrification
  160. 5.10F: Anammox
  161. 5.10G: Benzoate Catabolism
  162. 5.10H: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
  163. 5.11: Phototrophy
  164. 5.11A: The Purpose and Process of Photosynthesis
  165. 5.11B: Main Structures and Summary of Photosynthesis
  166. 5.11C: The Two Parts of Photosynthesis
  167. 5.11D: Bacteriorhodopsin
  168. 5.11E: Carotenoids and Phycobilins
  169. 5.11F: Facultative Phototrophy
  170. 5.11G: Oxygenic Photosynthesis
  171. 5.11H: Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
  172. 5.12: Biosynthesis
  173. 5.12A: Substrates for Biosysnthesis
  174. 5.12B: Biosynthesis and Energy
  175. 5.12C: The Calvin Cycle
  176. 5.12D: Intermediates Produced During the Calvin Cycle
  177. 5.12E: Regulation of the Calvin Cycle
  178. 5.12F: The Reverse TCA Cycle
  179. 5.12G: The Acetyl-CoA Pathway
  180. 5.12H: The 3-Hydroxypropionate Cycle
  181. 5.13: Anabolism
  182. 5.13A: Polysaccharide Biosynthesis
  183. 5.13B: Lipid Biosynthesis
  184. 5.13C: Regulation by Biosynthetic Enzymes
  185. 5.13D: Bacterial Polyesters
  186. 5.13E: Polyketide Antibiotics
  187. 5.14: Amino Acids and Nucleotide Biosynthesis
  188. 5.14A: Amino Acid Synthesis
  189. 5.14B: Purine and Pyrimidine Synthesis
  190. 5.14C: Nonribosomal Peptide Antibiotics
  191. 5.14D: Biosynthesis of Tetrapyrroles
  192. 5.15: Nitrogen Fixation
  193. 5.15A: Nitrogenase and Nitrogen Fixation
  194. 5.15B: Early Discoveries in Nitrogen Fixation
  195. 5.15C: Nitrogen Fixation Mechanism
  196. 5.15D: Anaerobiosis and N Fixation
  197. 5.15E: Genetics and Regulation of N Fixation
  198. 06: Culturing Microorganisms
  199. 6.01: Microbial Nutrition
  200. 6.1A: Chemical Analysis of Microbial Cytoplasm
  201. 6.1B: Sources of Essential Nutrients
  202. 6.1C: Limitation of Microbial Growth by Nutrient Supply
  203. 6.02: Cell Differentiation and Starvation
  204. 6.2A: Activation of Starvation by Survival Genes
  205. 6.2B: Oligotrophs
  206. 6.2C: Starvation-Induced Fruiting Bodies
  207. 6.2D: Bacterial Differentiation
  208. 6.03: Culturing Bacteria
  209. 6.3A: Culture Media
  210. 6.3B: Complex and Synthetic Media
  211. 6.3C: Selective and Differential Media
  212. 6.3D: Aseptic Technique Dilution Streaking and Spread Plates
  213. 6.3E: Special Culture Techniques
  214. 6.04: Microbial Culture Methods
  215. 6.4A: Enrichment and Isolation
  216. 6.4B: Pure Culture
  217. 6.4C: Preserving Bacterial Cultures
  218. 6.4D: The FISH Technique
  219. 6.4E: Coupling Specific Genes to Specific Organisms Using PCR
  220. 6.05: Bacterial Population Growth
  221. 6.5A: Chemical Assays Radioisotopic Methods and Microelectrodes
  222. 6.5B: Stable Isotopes
  223. 6.06: Microbial Growth
  224. 6.6A: Binary Fission
  225. 6.6B: Fts Proteins and Cell Division
  226. 6.6C: MreB and Determinants of Cell Morphology
  227. 6.6D: Peptidoglycan Synthesis and Cell Division
  228. 6.6E: Generation Time
  229. 6.07: Bacterial Population Growth
  230. 6.7A: Microbial Growth Cycle
  231. 6.7B: Growth Terminology
  232. 6.08: Counting Bacteria
  233. 6.8A: Direct Counting
  234. 6.8B: Viable Cell Counting
  235. 6.8C: Measurements of Microbial Mass
  236. 6.8D: Detecting Acid and Gas Production
  237. 6.09: Temperature and Microbial Growth
  238. 6.9A: Growth Rate and Temperature
  239. 6.9B: Classification of Microorganisms by Growth Temperature
  240. 6.9C: The Heat-Shock Response
  241. 6.10: Other Environmental Growth Factors
  242. 6.10A: Gas Requirements
  243. 6.10B: Osmotic Pressure
  244. 6.10C: Microbial Growth at Low or High pH
  245. 6.10D: Oxygen
  246. 6.11: Microbial Growth in Communities
  247. 6.11A: Ecological Associations Among Microorganisms
  248. 6.11B: Biofilms
  249. 6.12: Control in Microbial Death
  250. 6.12A: Considerations in Microbial Control
  251. 6.12B: Rate of Microbial Death
  252. 6.12C: Relative Resistance of Microbes
  253. 6.13: Mechanisms of Microbial Control
  254. 6.13A: Alteration of Membrane Permeability
  255. 6.13B: Damage to Proteins and Nucleic Acids
  256. 6.14: Physical Antimicrobial Control
  257. 6.14A: Heat
  258. 6.14B: Radiation
  259. 6.14C: Low Temperatures
  260. 6.14D: High Pressure
  261. 6.14E: Desiccation
  262. 6.14F: Osmotic Pressure
  263. 6.14G: Filtration
  264. 6.15: Chemical Antimicrobial Control
  265. 6.15A: Effective Disinfection
  266. 6.15B: Factors that Affect Germicidal Activity of Chemicals
  267. 6.15C: Types of Disinfectants
  268. 6.15D: Biological Control of Microbes
  269. 07: Microbial Genetics
  270. 7.01: Genes
  271. 7.1A: Bacterial Genomes
  272. 7.1B: DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
  273. 7.1C: Gene Inversion
  274. 7.1D: Slipped-Strand Mispairing
  275. 7.02: Prokaryotic Genomes
  276. 7.2A: Bacterial Chromosomes in the Nucleoid
  277. 7.2B: Supercoiling
  278. 7.2C: Size Variation and ORF Contents in Genomes
  279. 7.2D: Bioinformatic Analyses and Gene Distributions
  280. 7.03: DNA Replication
  281. 7.3A: Basics of DNA Replication
  282. 7.3B: DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
  283. 7.04: Plasmids
  284. 7.4A: Introduction to Plasmids
  285. 7.4B: Types of Plasmids and Their Biological Significance
  286. 7.05: RNA Synthesis - Transcription
  287. 7.5A: Elongation and Termination in Eukaryotes
  288. 7.5B: The Promoter and the Transcription Machinery
  289. 7.06: Translation- Protein Synthesis
  290. 7.6A: Processing of tRNAs and rRNAs
  291. 7.6B: The Protein Synthesis Machinery
  292. 7.6C: Prokaryotic Transcription and Translation Are Coupled
  293. 7.6D: The Incorporation of Nonstandard Amino Acids
  294. 7.6E: Unsticking Stuck Ribosomes
  295. 7.07: Protein Modification Folding Secretion and Degradation
  296. 7.7A: mRNA Processing
  297. 7.7B: Denaturation and Protein Folding
  298. 7.7C: Protein Folding Modification and Targeting
  299. 7.7D: Regulating Protein Activity and Longevity
  300. 7.08: Archaeal Genetics
  301. 7.8A: Chromosomes and DNA Replication in the Archaea
  302. 7.8B: Shared Features of Bacteria and Archaea
  303. 7.8C: Shared Features of Archaea and Eukaryotes
  304. 7.09: Eukaryotic Genetics
  305. 7.9A: The Role of the Cell Cycle
  306. 7.9B: The Relationship Between Genes and Proteins
  307. 7.10: Mutation
  308. 7.10A: DNA Repair
  309. 7.11: Genetic Transfer in Prokaryotes
  310. 7.11A: Generalized Recombination and RecA
  311. 7.11B: Bacterial Transformation
  312. 7.11C: Bacterial Transduction
  313. 7.11D: Prokaryotic Reproduction
  314. 7.11E: Complementation
  315. 7.11F: Gene Transfer in Archaea
  316. 7.12: Tools of Genetic Engineering
  317. 7.12A: Recombinant DNA Technology
  318. 7.12B: Selection
  319. 7.12C: Mutation
  320. 7.12D: Reproductive Cloning
  321. 7.12E: Basic Techniques to Manipulate Genetic Material (DNA and RNA)
  322. 7.12F: Molecular and Cellular Cloning
  323. 7.12G: Plasmids as Cloning Vectors
  324. 7.13: Bioinformatics
  325. 7.13A: Strategies Used in Sequencing Projects
  326. 7.13B: Annotating Genomes
  327. 7.13C: Homologs Orthologs and Paralogs
  328. 7.13D: Synthesizing DNA
  329. 7.13E: Amplifying DNA - The Polymerase Chain Reaction
  330. 7.13F: DNA Sequencing Based on Sanger Dideoxynucleotides
  331. 7.13G: Metagenomics
  332. 7.13H: Reporter Fusions
  333. 7.14: Cloning Techniques
  334. 7.14A: Putting Foreign DNA into Cells
  335. 7.14B: Obtaining DNA
  336. 7.14C: Hosts for Cloning Vectors
  337. 7.14D: Shuttle Vectors and Expression Vectors
  338. 7.14E: Bacteriophage Lambda as a Cloning Vector
  339. 7.14F: Vectors for Genomic Cloning and Sequencing
  340. 7.15: Genome Evolution
  341. 7.15A: Gene Families
  342. 7.15B: Genomics and Biofuels
  343. 7.15C: Genome Reduction
  344. 7.15D: Pathogenicity Islands
  345. 7.16: Environmental Genomics
  346. 7.16A: Detecting Uncultured Microorganisms
  347. 7.16B: Viral Genomes in Nature
  348. 7.17: Molecular Regulation
  349. 7.17A: Catabolite Activator Protein (CAP) - An Activator Regulator
  350. 7.17B: The Initiation Complex and Translation Rate
  351. 7.18: Global Regulatory Mechanisms
  352. 7.18A: Transcription in Prokaryotes
  353. 7.18B: The trp Operon - A Repressor Operon
  354. 7.18C: The Stringent Response
  355. 7.18D: Repression of Anabolic Pathways
  356. 7.18E: The AraC Regulator
  357. 7.19: RNA-Based Regulation
  358. 7.19A: RNA Regulation and Antisense RNA
  359. 7.19B: Attenuation
  360. 7.19C: Riboswitches
  361. 7.19D: Regulation of Sigma Factor Activity
  362. 7.19E: Regulation of Sigma Factor Translation
  363. 7.19F: Proteolytic Degradation
  364. 7.19G: Small Regulatory RNAs
  365. 7.20: Developmental Regulation
  366. 7.20A: Sporulation in Bacillus
  367. 7.20B: Caulobacter Differentiation
  368. 7.21: Sensing and Signal Transduction
  369. 7.21A: Chemotaxis
  370. 7.21B: Two-Component Regulatory Systems
  371. 7.21C: Quorum Sensing
  372. 7.21D: Control of Transcription in Archaea
  373. 7.22: Genomics and Proteomics
  374. 7.22A: Microarrays and the Transcriptome
  375. 7.22B: Proteomics
  376. 7.22C: Metabolomics
  377. 7.23: Genetic Engineering Products
  378. 7.23A: Overview of Biotechnology
  379. 7.23B: Applications of Genetic Engineering
  380. 7.23C: Biochemical Products of Recombinant DNA Technology
  381. 7.23D: Mammalian Gene Expression in Bacteria
  382. 7.23E: Mammalian Proteins and Products
  383. 7.24: Transgenic Organisms
  384. 7.24A: Genetically Engineered Vaccines
  385. 7.24B: Genetic Engineering in Animals
  386. 7.24C: Biotechnology in Medicine
  387. 7.25: Molecular Techniques
  388. 7.25A: Inactivating and Marking Target Genes with Transposons
  389. 7.25B: DNA Sequencing of Insertion Sites
  390. 7.25C: Northern Blots
  391. 7.25D: Western Bolts
  392. 7.25E: DNA Mobility Shifts
  393. 7.25F: Purifying Proteins by Affinity Tag
  394. 7.25G: Primer Extension Analysis
  395. 7.25H: DNA Protection Analysis
  396. 7.25I: Whole-Genome DNA-Binding Analysis
  397. 7.25J: Two-Hybrid Analysis
  398. 7.26: Cell Physiology Techniques
  399. 7.26.01: 7. 26B- Tracking Cells with Light
  400. 7.26.02: 7. 26C- Multiplex and Real-Time PCR
  401. 7.26A: Mapping Protein-Protein Interactions
  402. 7.26D: Phase Display
  403. 08: Microbial Evolution Phylogeny and Diversity
  404. 8.01: Origins of Life
  405. 8.1A: Evidence of Evolution
  406. 8.1B: Elements of Life
  407. 8.1C: Unresolved Questions About the Origins of Life
  408. 8.02: Astrobiology
  409. 8.2A: Mars and a Biosphere
  410. 8.2B: Martian Biosignatures
  411. 8.2C: Terraforming Mars
  412. 8.2D: Europa's Possible Ocean
  413. 8.03: Microbial Phylogeny
  414. 8.3A: Processes and Patterns of Evolution
  415. 8.3B: Distinguishing between Similar Traits
  416. 8.3C: The Levels of Classification
  417. 8.04: Classification of Microorganisms
  418. 8.4A: The Taxonomic Scheme
  419. 8.4B: The Diagnostic Scheme
  420. 8.4C: The Species Concept in Microbiology
  421. 8.4D: Classification and Nomenclature
  422. 8.05: Methods of Classifying and Identifying Microorganisms
  423. 8.5A: Phenotypic Analysis
  424. 8.5B: Classification of Prokaryotes
  425. 8.5C: Phylogenetic Analysis
  426. 8.5D: Nongenetic Categories for Medicine and Ecology
  427. 8.06: Bacterial Diversity
  428. 8.6A: Common Bacterial Traits
  429. 8.6C: Unclassified and Uncultured Bacteria
  430. 8.07: Proteobacteria
  431. 8.7A: Overview of Proteobacteria
  432. 8.7B: Alphaproteobacteria
  433. 8.7C: Betaproteobacteria
  434. 8.7D: Morphologically Unusual Proteobacteria
  435. 8.7E: Gammaproteobacteria
  436. 8.7F: Deltaproteobacteria
  437. 8.7G: Epsilonproteobacteria
  438. 8.08: Gram-Positive Bacteria and Actinobacteria
  439. 8.8A: Overview of Gram-Positive Bacteria and Actinobacteria
  440. 8.8B: Non-Spore-Forming Firmicutes
  441. 8.8C: Firmicutes
  442. 8.8D: Actinobacteria (High G C Gram-Positive Bacteria)
  443. 8.09: Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria
  444. 8.9A: Cyanobacteria
  445. 8.9B: Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria
  446. 8.9C: Prochlorophytes
  447. 8.10: Irregular Bacterial cells
  448. 8.10A: Chlamydiae
  449. 8.10B: Planctomycetes
  450. 8.10C: Verrucomicrobia
  451. 8.11: Other Bacterial Groups
  452. 8.11A: Bacteroides and Flavobacterium
  453. 8.11B: Acidobacteria
  454. 8.11C: Cytophaga and Relatives
  455. 8.11D: Bacteroidetes and Chlorobi
  456. 8.11E: Fusobacteria
  457. 8.11F: Spirochaetes
  458. 8.12: Thermophiles
  459. 8.12A: Aquificales and Thermotogales
  460. 8.12B: Deinococcus and Thermus
  461. 8.12C: Chloroflexus and Relatives
  462. 8.12D: Nitrospirae and Deferribacter
  463. 8.12E: Aquifex Thermocrinis and Related Bacteria
  464. 8.13: Archaeal Diversity
  465. 8.13A: Energy Conservation and Autotrophy in Archaea
  466. 8.13B: Archaeal Gene Regulation
  467. 8.14: Crenarchaeota
  468. 8.14A: Habitats and Energy Metabolism of Crenarchaeota
  469. 8.14B: Hyperthermophiles from Terrestrial Volcanic Habitats
  470. 8.14C: Hyperthermophiles from Submarine Volcanic Habitats
  471. 8.14D: Nonthermophilic Crenarchaeota
  472. 8.14E: Psychrophilic Crenarchaeota
  473. 8.15: Euryarchaeota
  474. 8.15A: Diverse Cell Forms of Methanogens
  475. 8.15B: Extremely Halophilic Archaea
  476. 8.15C: Methane-Producing Archaea - Methanogens
  477. 8.15D: Thermoplasmatales Thermocaccales and Methanopyrus
  478. 8.15E: Archaeoglobus
  479. 8.15F: Nanoarchaeum and Aciduliprofundum
  480. 8.15G: Hyperthermophilic Archaea H and Microbial Evolution
  481. 8.16: Eukaryotic Microbial Diversity
  482. 8.16A: Phylogeny of the Eukarya
  483. 8.16B: Historical Overview of Eukaryotes
  484. 8.16C: Opisthokonts - Animals and Fungi
  485. 8.16D: Endosymbiotic Theory and the Evolution of Eukaryotes
  486. 8.16E: Cell Structure Metabolism and Motility
  487. 8.16F: Newly Discovered Eukaryotes
  488. 8.17: Fungi
  489. 8.17A: Characteristics of Fungi
  490. 8.17B: Fungi as Plant Animal and Human Pathogens
  491. 8.17C: Fungi Habitat Decomposition and Recycling
  492. 8.17D: Chytridiomycota - The Chytrids
  493. 8.17E: Zygomycota - The Conjugated Fungi
  494. 8.17F: Glomeromycota
  495. 8.17G: Ascomycota - The Sac Fungi
  496. 8.17H: Basidiomycota - The Club Fungi
  497. 8.18: Protists
  498. 8.18A: Early Eukaryotes
  499. 8.18B: Excavata
  500. 8.18C: Chromalveolata- Alveolates
  501. 8.18D: Chromalveolata- Stramenopiles
  502. 8.18E: Rhizaria
  503. 8.18F: Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta
  504. 8.19: Algae
  505. 8.19A: Archaeplastida
  506. 8.19B: Protists as Primary Producers Food Sources and Symbionts
  507. 8.20: Helminths
  508. 8.20A: Characteristics of Helminths
  509. 8.20B: Classification and Identification of Helminths
  510. 8.20C: Distribution and Importance of Parasitic Worms
  511. 8.20D: Arthropods as Vectors
  512. 09: Viruses
  513. 9.01: Overview of Viruses
  514. 9.1A: Discovery and Detection of Viruses
  515. 9.1B: Nature of the Virion
  516. 9.1C: Viral Genomes
  517. 9.1D: Host Range
  518. 9.1E: Viral Size
  519. 9.02: Structure of Viruses
  520. 9.2A: Viral Morphology
  521. 9.2B: General Morphology
  522. 9.2C: Complex and Asymmetrical Virus Particles
  523. 9.03: Classifying Viruses
  524. 9.3A: The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
  525. 9.3B: The Baltimore Virus Classification
  526. 9.3C: Evolution of Viruses
  527. 9.3D: Medical Importance of Viruses
  528. 9.04: Culturing Viruses
  529. 9.4A: Batch Culture of Bacteriophages
  530. 9.4B: Tissue Culture of Animal Viruses
  531. 9.4C: Inoculation of Live Animals
  532. 9.4D: Viral Identification
  533. 9.05: Viral Replication
  534. 9.5A: General Features of Virus Replication
  535. 9.5B: Steps of Virus Infections
  536. 9.5C: Tissue Tropism in Animal Viruses
  537. 9.5D: Animal Viruses
  538. 9.5E: Plant Virus Life Cycles
  539. 9.06: Subviral Entities
  540. 9.6A: Defective Viruses
  541. 9.6B: Viroids
  542. 9.6C: Prions
  543. 9.07: Viral Diversity
  544. 9.7A: Overview of Bacterial Viruses
  545. 9.7B: RNA Bacteriophages
  546. 9.7C: Single-Stranded DNA Bacteriophages
  547. 9.7D: Double-Stranded DNA Bacteriophages
  548. 9.7E: Mu- A Double-Stranded Transposable DNA Bacteriophage
  549. 9.7F: Virulent Bacteriophages and T4
  550. 9.7G: Temperate Bacteriophages - Lambda and P1
  551. 9.7H: Viruses of Archaea
  552. 9.08: Positive-Strand RNA Viruses in Animals
  553. 9.8A: Positive-Strand RNA Viruses of Animals
  554. 9.8B: Virus Attachment and Genome Entry
  555. 9.8C: Viral Replication and Gene Expression
  556. 9.8D: Viral Exit
  557. 9.09: Negative-Strand RNA Viruses in Animals
  558. 9.9A: Negative-Strand RNA Viruses of Animals
  559. 9.9B: Attachment and Entry to the Host Cell
  560. 9.9C: Replicative Cycle of Influenza A
  561. 9.10: Retroviruses- Double-Stranded RNA Viruses
  562. 9.10A: Double-Stranded RNA Viruses - Retroviruses
  563. 9.10B: HIV Attachment and Host Cell Entry
  564. 9.10C: Retroviral RNA Genome
  565. 9.10D: Replicative Cycle of HIV
  566. 9.11: DNA Viruses in Eukaryotes
  567. 9.11A: Plant DNA Viruses
  568. 9.11B: Replication of Double-Stranded DNA Viruses of Animals
  569. 9.11C: Double-Stranded DNA Viruses - Herpesviruses
  570. 9.11E: Attachment and Entry of Herpes Simplex
  571. 9.11E: Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus
  572. 9.11F: Immunodeficiency
  573. 9.11G: Double-Stranded DNA Viruses - Pox Viruses
  574. 9.11H: Double-Stranded DNA Viruses- Adenoviruses
  575. 9.11I: Retroviruses and Hepadnavirus
  576. 9.11J: Treatment of Animal Viral Infections
  577. 9.12: Viruses and Cancer
  578. 9.12A: Cancer Viruses
  579. 9.12B: DNA Oncogenic Viruses
  580. 9.12C: RNA Oncogenic Viruses
  581. 9.13: Viral Ecology
  582. 9.13A: Emergence of Viral Pathogens
  583. 9.13B: Viral Roles in Ecosystems
  584. 10: Epidemiology
  585. 10.01: Principles of Epidemiology
  586. 10.1A: History of Epidemiology
  587. 10.1B: The Science of Epidemiology
  588. 10.1C: The Vocabulary Epidemiology
  589. 10.1D: Kochs Postulates
  590. 10.1E: Exceptions to Kochs Postulates
  591. 10.02: Pathogen Identification
  592. 10.2A: Occurrence of a Disease
  593. 10.2B: Disease Severity and Duration
  594. 10.2C: Extent of Host Involvement
  595. 10.2D: Identification of Microbes Based on Molecular Genetics
  596. 10.03: Disease Patterns
  597. 10.3A: Predisposing Factors
  598. 10.3B: Disease Development
  599. 10.3C: Disease Reservoirs and Epidemics
  600. 10.3D: Infectious Disease Transmission
  601. 10.3E: Ecology Epidemiology and Evolution of Pathogens
  602. 10.3F: Safety in the Microbiology Laboratory
  603. 10.3G: Finding Patient Zero and Tracking Diseases
  604. 10.04: Nosocomial Infections
  605. 10.4A: Microorganisms in the Hospital
  606. 10.4B: Compromised Host
  607. 10.4C: Chain of Transmission
  608. 10.4D: Control of Nosocomial Infections
  609. 10.05: Epidemiology and Public Health
  610. 10.5A: Descriptive Epidemiology
  611. 10.5B: Analytical Epidemiology
  612. 10.5C: Experimental Epidemiology
  613. 10.5D: Public Health Measures for Disease Control
  614. 10.5E: Global Health
  615. 10.5F: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases
  616. 10.5G: Biological Weapons
  617. 10.5H: Technology and New Infectious Agents
  618. 10.5I: Current Epidemics
  619. 11: Immunology
  620. 11.01: Overview of Immunity
  621. 11.1A: Cells and Organs of the Immune System
  622. 11.1B: Overview of Human-Microbial Reactions
  623. 11.1C: Overview of the Immune System
  624. 11.02: The Innate Immune Response
  625. 11.2A: Natural Killer Cells
  626. 11.2B: Physical and Chemical Barriers
  627. 11.2C: The Complement System
  628. 11.2D: Pathogen Recognition
  629. 11.03: Phagocytes
  630. 11.3A: Phagocyte Migration and Phagocytosis
  631. 11.3B: Antigen-presenting Cells - B and T cells
  632. 11.04: Innate Defenders
  633. 11.4A: The Complement System
  634. 11.4B: Interferons
  635. 11.4C: Natural Killer Cells
  636. 11.4D: Toll-Like Receptors
  637. 11.4E: Iron-Binding Proteins
  638. 11.4F: Antimicrobial Peptides
  639. 11.4G: The Complement System and Heart Disease
  640. 11.05: The Adaptive Immune Response
  641. 11.5A: Humoral Immune Response
  642. 11.5B: Development of the Dual Lymphocyte System
  643. 11.06: Antigens and Antibodies
  644. 11.6A: Immunodeficiency
  645. 11.6B: Antibody Functions
  646. 11.07: Antibodies
  647. 11.7A: Antibody Proteins and Antigen Binding
  648. 11.7B: Antibody Genes and Diversity
  649. 11.7C: Clonal Selection of Antibody-Producing Cells
  650. 11.7D: Isotype Class Switching
  651. 11.7E: Making Memory B Cells
  652. 11.7F: Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses
  653. 11.08: T Cells and Cellular Immunity
  654. 11.8A: Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Mucosal Surfaces
  655. 11.8B: Classes of T Cells
  656. 11.8C: Cell-Mediated Immunity
  657. 11.8D: Regulatory T Cells
  658. 11.8E: T Cell Receptors
  659. 11.8F: Adaptive Immunity and the Immunoglobulin Superfamily
  660. 11.09: Antigen-Presenting Cells
  661. 11.9A: Dendritic Cells
  662. 11.9B: Macrophages
  663. 11.10: Immunity and Molecular Signals
  664. 11.10A: Clonal Selection and Tolerance
  665. 11.10B: Cytokines and Chemokines
  666. 11.10C: Superantigens
  667. 11.10D: The Complement System
  668. 11.11: The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
  669. 11.11A: MHC Polymorphism and Antigen Binding
  670. 11.12: Classifying Immunities
  671. 11.12A: Natural Active Immunity
  672. 11.12B: Natural Passive Immunity
  673. 11.12C: Artificial Immunity
  674. 12: Immunology Applications
  675. 12.01: Immunization
  676. 12.1A: Passive Immunization
  677. 12.1B: Vaccination
  678. 12.1C: Development of New Vaccines
  679. 12.1D: Vaccine Safety
  680. 12.02: Immunoassays for Disease
  681. 12.2A: Immunoassays for Disease
  682. 12.2B: Antibody Functions
  683. 12.2C: Serology
  684. 12.2D: Precipitation Reactions
  685. 12.2E: Agglutination Reactions
  686. 12.2F: Neutralization Reaction
  687. 12.2G: Complement Fixation
  688. 12.2H: Fluorescent Antibodies
  689. 12.2I: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
  690. 12.2J: Immunoblot Procedures
  691. 12.2K: Tests That Differentiate Between T Cells and B cells
  692. 12.2L: In Vivo Testing
  693. 12.2M: The Future of Diagnostic Immunology
  694. 12.03: Preparations for Diagnosing Infection
  695. 12.3A: Specimen Collection
  696. 12.3B: Immediate Direct Examination of Specimen
  697. 12.3C: Cultivation of Specimen
  698. 12.3D: DNA Analysis Using Genetic Probes and PCR
  699. 12.3E: Nucleic Acid Sequencing and rRNA Analysis
  700. 12.04: Immunity Disorders- Hypersensitivity
  701. 12.4A: Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions
  702. 12.4B: Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergy
  703. 12.4C: Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions
  704. 12.4D: Type III (Immune Complex) Reactions
  705. 12.4E: Type IV (Delayed Cell-Mediated) Reactions
  706. 12.05: Immunity Disorders- Autoimmune Diseases
  707. 12.5A: Immunodeficiency
  708. 12.5B: The Roles of Genetics and Gender in Autoimmune Disease
  709. 12.5C: Cytotoxic Autoimmune Reactions
  710. 12.5D: Immune Complex Autoimmune Reactions
  711. 12.5E: Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Reactions
  712. 12.06: Immunity Disorders- Immunodeficiencies
  713. 12.6A: Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
  714. 12.6B: Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases
  715. 12.6C: Immunotherapy for Cancer
  716. 13: Antimicrobial Drugs
  717. 13.01: Overview of Antimicrobial Therapy
  718. 13.1A: Origins of Antimicrobial Drugs
  719. 13.1B: Antibiotic Discovery
  720. 13.1C: Antibiotics and Selective Toxicity
  721. 13.1D: Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity
  722. 13.1E: Antibiotic Classifications
  723. 13.02: Functions of Antimicrobial Drugs
  724. 13.2A: Inhibiting Cell Wall Synthesis
  725. 13.2B: Injuring the Plasma Membrane
  726. 13.2C: Inhibiting Nucleic Acid Synthesis
  727. 13.2D: Inhibiting Protein Synthesis
  728. 13.2E: Inhibiting Essential Metabolite Synthesis
  729. 13.03: Commonly Used Antimicrobial Drugs
  730. 13.3A: Synthetic Antimicrobial Drugs
  731. 13.3B: Naturally Occurring Antimicrobial Drugs- Antibiotics
  732. 13.3C: Beta-Lactam Antibiotics- Penicillins and Cephalosporins
  733. 13.3D: Antibiotics from Prokaryotes
  734. 13.3E: Antimycobacterial Antibiotics
  735. 13.04: Interactions Between Drug and Host
  736. 13.4A: Organ Toxicity
  737. 13.4B: Allergic Responses to Drugs
  738. 13.4C: Suppression and Alteration of Microbiota by Antimicrobials
  739. 13.4D: Effects of Drug Combinations
  740. 13.05: Measuring Drug Susceptibility
  741. 13.5A: Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
  742. 13.5B: Kirby-Bauer Disk Susceptibility Test
  743. 13.06: Drug Resistance
  744. 13.6A: Mechanisms of Resistance
  745. 13.6B: Antibiotic Misuse
  746. 13.6C: Cost and Prevention of Resistance
  747. 13.6D: Biofilms Persisters and Antibiotic Tolerance
  748. 13.6E: Finding New Antimicrobial Drugs
  749. 13.6F: Antimicrobial Peptides
  750. 13.6G: Antisense Agents
  751. 13.07: Antiviral Drugs
  752. 13.7A: Antiviral Agents that Prevent Virus Uncoating or Release
  753. 13.7B: Antiviral DNA Synthesis Inhibitors
  754. 13.7C: Nucleotide and Nonnucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
  755. 13.7D: Protease Inhibitors
  756. 13.08: Other Antimicrobial Drugs
  757. 13.8A: Antifungal Drugs
  758. 13.8B: Antiprotozoan and Antihelminthic Drugs
  759. 14: Pathogenicity
  760. 14.01: Entry into the Host
  761. 14.1A: Portals of Microbe Entry
  762. 14.1B: Colonization and Growth
  763. 14.1C: Pathogenicity Islands and Virulence Factors
  764. 14.1D: Adherence
  765. 14.1E: Host Risk Factors
  766. 14.1F: Innate Resistance
  767. 14.02: Overview of Microbe-Host Interactions
  768. 14.2A: Normal Microbiota and Host Relationships
  769. 14.2B: Opportunistic Microorganisms
  770. 14.2C: Cooperation Among Microorganisms
  771. 14.03: Penetrating Host Defenses
  772. 14.3A: Penetrating Host Defenses
  773. 14.3B: Pili and Pilus Assembly
  774. 14.3C: Biofilms and Infections
  775. 14.04: Damaging Host Cells
  776. 14.4A: Toxins
  777. 14.4B: Direct Damage
  778. 14.4C: Type III and Type IV Secretion
  779. 14.4D: Plasmids and Lysogeny
  780. 14.4E: Siderophores
  781. 14.05: Surviving Within the Host and Exiting the Host
  782. 14.5A: Intracellular Pathogens
  783. 14.5B: Extracellular Immune Avoidance
  784. 14.5C: Regulating Virulence
  785. 14.5D: Portals of Exit
  786. 14.06: Pathogenicity and Other Microbes
  787. 14.6A: Fungi
  788. 14.6B: Protozoa
  789. 14.6C: Helminths
  790. 14.6D: Algae
  791. 15: Diseases
  792. 15.01: Protozoan and Helminthic Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
  793. 15.1A: Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)
  794. 15.1B: Toxoplasmosis
  795. 15.1C: Malaria
  796. 15.1D: Leishmaniasis
  797. 15.1E: Babesiosis
  798. 15.1F: Schistosomiasis
  799. 15.1G: Swimmers Itch
  800. 15.02: Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System
  801. 15.2A: Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
  802. 15.2B: Airborne Transmission of Disease
  803. 15.03: Bacterial Diseases of the Respiratory System
  804. 15.3A: Pharyngitis
  805. 1.01: Scarlet Fever
  806. 15.3C: Diphtheria
  807. 15.3D: Otitis Media
  808. 15.3E: Whooping Cough
  809. 15.3F: Tuberculosis
  810. 15.3G: Bacterial Pneumonias
  811. 15.04: Viral Diseases of the Respiratory System
  812. 15.4A: Colds
  813. 15.4B: Viral Pneumonia
  814. 15.4C: Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
  815. 15.4D: Coryza and Influenza
  816. 15.05: Fungal Diseases of the Respiratory System
  817. 15.5A: Histoplasmosis
  818. 15.5B: Coccidiomycosis
  819. 15.5C: Pneumocystis Pneumonia
  820. 15.5D: Blastomycosis
  821. 15.5E: Other Fungi Involved in Respiratory Disease
  822. 15.06: Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System
  823. 15.6A: Anatomy of the Digestive System
  824. 15.6B: Normal Gastrointestinal Microbiota
  825. 15.07: Bacterial Diseases of the Mouth
  826. 15.7A: Tooth and Gum Infections
  827. 15.7B: Dental Caries
  828. 15.7C: Periodontal Disease
  829. 15.08: Bacterial Diseases of the Digestive System
  830. 15.8A: Bacterial Gastroenteritis
  831. 15.8B: Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
  832. 15.8C: Salmonellosis
  833. 15.8D: Typhoid Fever
  834. 15.8E: Cholera
  835. 15.8F: Noncholera Vibrios
  836. 15.8G: Pathogenic Escherichia coli
  837. 15.8H: Campylobacter
  838. 15.8I: Peptic Ulcer Disease
  839. 15.8J: Listeriosis
  840. 15.09: Viral Diseases of the Digestive System
  841. 15.9A: Mumps
  842. 15.9B: Hepatitis
  843. 15.9C: Viral Gastroenteritis
  844. 15.10: Fungal and Protozoan Diseases of the Digestive System
  845. 15.10A: Ergot Poisoning
  846. 15.10B: Aflatoxin Poisoning
  847. 15.10C: Giardiasis
  848. 15.10D: Cryptosporidiosis
  849. 15.10E: Cyclospora Diarrheal Infection
  850. 15.10F: Amoebic Dysentery (Amoebiasis)
  851. 15.10G: Legionellosis
  852. 15.11: Diagnosing Microbial Diseases
  853. 15.11A: Diagnosing Microbial Diseases
  854. 15.12: Helminthic Diseases of the Digestive System
  855. 15.12A: Tapeworms
  856. 15.12B: Hydatid Disease
  857. 15.12C: Nematodes
  858. 15.13: Microbial Diseases of the Genitourinary System
  859. 15.13A: Overview of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems
  860. 15.13B: Overview of the Urinary System
  861. 15.13C: Normal Genitourinary Microbiota
  862. 15.14: Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System
  863. 15.14A: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
  864. 15.14B: Cystitis
  865. 15.14C: Pyelonephritis
  866. 15.14D: Leptospirosis
  867. 15.15: Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive System
  868. 15.15A: Prostatitis
  869. 15.15B: Prostatitis
  870. 15.15C: Gonorrhea
  871. 15.15D: Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)
  872. 15.15E: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
  873. 15.15F: Syphilis
  874. 15.15G: Genital Ulcer Diseases
  875. 15.15H: Lymphogranuloma Venereum
  876. 15.15I: Group B Streptococcus Colonization
  877. 15.15J: Chancroid (Soft Chancre)
  878. 15.15K: Bacterial Vaginosis
  879. 15.15L: Chlamydia
  880. 15.16: Viral Diseases of the Reproductive System
  881. 15.16A: Genital Herpes
  882. 15.16B: Genital Warts
  883. 15.16C: HIV and AIDS
  884. 15.16D: Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
  885. 15.17: Fungal and Protozoan Diseases of the Reproductive System
  886. 15.17A: Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
  887. 15.17B: Trichomoniasis
  888. 15.17C: The TORCH Panel of Tests
  889. 15.18: Microbial Diseases of the Skin
  890. 15.18A: Structure of the Skin- Epidermis
  891. 15.18B: Microbiota of the Skin
  892. 15.18C: Bacterial Skin Diseases
  893. 15.18D: Viral Skin Diseases
  894. 15.18E: Fungal Skin and Nail Diseases
  895. 15.18F: Parasitic Skin Diseases
  896. 15.19: Microbial Diseases of the Eye
  897. 15.19A: Anatomy of the Eye
  898. 15.19B: Normal Eye Microbiota
  899. 15.19C: Bacterial Eye Diseases
  900. 15.19D: Other Infectious Eye Diseases
  901. 15.20: Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System
  902. 15.20A: Functions of the Nervous System
  903. 15.20B: Subdivisions of the Nervous System
  904. 15.20C: Meningitis
  905. 15.20D: Botulism
  906. 15.20E: Leprosy
  907. 15.20F: Tetanus
  908. 15.20G: Paralysis-Causing Bacterial Neurotoxins
  909. 15.21: Other Diseases of the Nervous System
  910. 15.21A: Rabies
  911. 15.21B: Poliomyelitis
  912. 15.21C: Hantavirus
  913. 15.21D: Arboviral Encephalitis
  914. 15.21E: Rickettsial Diseases
  915. 15.21F: Lyme Disease
  916. 15.21G: West Nile Virus
  917. 15.21H: Plague
  918. 15.22: Fungal Protozoan Prion and Other Diseases of the Nervous System
  919. 15.22A: Cryptococcosis
  920. 15.22B: African Trypanosomiasis
  921. 15.22C: Amoebic Meningoencephalitis
  922. 15.22D: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
  923. 15.22E: Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
  924. 15.22F: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
  925. 15.23: Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
  926. 15.23A: Functions of the Lymphatic System
  927. 15.23B: The Cardiovascular System
  928. 15.23C: Structure of the Lymphatic System
  929. 15.23D: Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System Defenses
  930. 15.24: Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
  931. 15.24A: Sepsis and Septic Shock
  932. 15.24B: Bacterial Infections of the Heart
  933. 15.24C: Rheumatic Fever
  934. 15.24D: Tularemia
  935. 15.24E: Brucellosis (Undulant Fever)
  936. 15.24F: Anthrax
  937. 15.24G: Gangrene
  938. 15.25: Viral Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
  939. 15.25A: Burkitts Lymphoma
  940. 15.25B: Infectious Mononucleosis
  941. 15.25C: Other Diseases and Epstein-Barr Virus
  942. 15.25D: Cytomegalovirus Infections
  943. 15.25E: Chikungunya Fever
  944. 15.25F: Classic Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
  945. 15.25G: Emerging Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
  946. 16: Microbial Ecology
  947. 16.01: Microbial Ecology
  948. 16.1A: Microbes and Ecosystem Niches
  949. 16.1B: Organization of Ecosystems
  950. 16.1C: Role of Microbes in Biogeochemical Cycling
  951. 16.1D: Microbial Environments and Microenvironments
  952. 16.02: Soil and Plant Microbiology
  953. 16.2A: Soil Composition
  954. 16.2B: Physical Properties of Soil
  955. 16.2C: Mycorrhiza
  956. 16.2D: Wetland Soils
  957. 16.2E: Endophytes and Plants
  958. 16.2F: Mycorrhizae- The Symbiotic Relationship between Fungi and Roots
  959. 16.2F: Plant Pathogens
  960. 16.2G: Nitrogen Fixation- Root and Bacteria Interactions
  961. 16.03: Aquatic Microbiology
  962. 16.3A: Marine Habitats
  963. 16.3B: Planktonic Communities
  964. 16.3C: Planktonic Food Webs
  965. 16.3D: Ocean Floor
  966. 16.3E: Cold-Seep Ecosystems
  967. 16.3F: The Deep Sea and Barophilism
  968. 16.3G: Sea Coral and Sea Anemone Zooxanthellae
  969. 16.3H: Sponge Communities
  970. 16.3I: Freshwater Environments
  971. 16.04: Nutrient Cycles
  972. 16.4A: Sources and Sinks of Essential Elements
  973. 16.4B: The Carbon Cycle
  974. 16.4C: Syntrophy and Methanogenesis
  975. 16.4D: The Phosphorus Cycle
  976. 16.4E: The Nitrogen Cycle
  977. 16.4F: The Sulfur Cycle
  978. 16.4G: The Iron Cycle
  979. 16.05: Microbial Symbioses
  980. 16.5A: Mutualism vs. Symbiosis
  981. 16.5B: The Rumen and Ruminant Animals
  982. 16.5C: Hydrothermal Vent Microbial Ecosystems
  983. 16.5D: Squid-Aliivibrio Symbiosis
  984. 16.5E: Mutualistic Relationships with Fungi and Fungivores
  985. 16.5F: Agrobacterium and Crown Gall Disease
  986. 16.5G: The Legume-Root Nodule Symbiosis
  987. 16.06: Microbial Bioremediation
  988. 16.6A: Microbial Ore Leaching
  989. 16.6B: Petroleum Biodegradation
  990. 16.6C: The Degradation of Synthetic Chemicals in Soils and Water
  991. 17: Industrial Microbiology
  992. 17.01: Industrial Microbiology
  993. 17.1A: Industrial Microorganisms
  994. 17.1B: Molecular Products from Microbes
  995. 17.1C: Primary and Secondary Metabolites
  996. 17.1D: Large-Scale Fermentations
  997. 17.02: Microbial Products in the Health Industry
  998. 17.2A: Industrial Production of Antibiotics
  999. 17.2B: Vitamins and Amino Acids
  1000. 17.2C: Steroids
  1001. 17.2D: Enzymes Used in Industry
  1002. 17.03: Wastewater Treatment and Water Purification
  1003. 17.3A: Microorganisms and Water Quality
  1004. 17.3B: Wastewater and Sewage Treatment
  1005. 17.3C: Purification of Drinking Water
  1006. 17.04: The Microbiology of Food
  1007. 17.4A: Wine Beer and Alcohol
  1008. 17.4B: Vinegar
  1009. 17.4C: Citric Acid and Other Organic Compounds
  1010. 17.4D: Edible Fungi
  1011. 17.4E: Edible Algae
  1012. 17.4F: Microbes and Dairy Products
  1013. 17.05: Food Preservation
  1014. 17.5A: Fermented Foods
  1015. 17.5B: Food Spoilage by Microbes
  1016. 17.5C: Food Preservation