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General Biology I and II

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General Biology I and II

Biology
Author
Tara Jo Holmberg
Publisher
CT State Northwestern
Source
LibreTexts
License
CC BY-SA
Language
EN
Category
Basic Sciences
Read online Download PDF (open licence)
Contents· 208 sections
  1. 01: Unit I-Biology Science and the Chemistry of Life
  2. 1.01: The Study of Life
  3. 1.1.1: Themes and Concepts of Biology
  4. 1.1.2: The Nature of Science
  5. 1.1.3: The Role of Science in Society
  6. 1.E: The Study of Life (Exercises)
  7. 1.G: Unit 1.1 Glossary
  8. 1.02: The Chemical Foundation of Life
  9. 1.2.01: Prelude to The Chemical Foundation of Life
  10. 1.2.02: Atoms Isotopes Ions and Molecules - The Building Blocks
  11. 1.2.03: Water
  12. 1.2.04: Carbon
  13. 1.2.E: The Chemical Foundation of Life (Exercises)
  14. 1.03: Biological Macromolecules
  15. 1.3.01: Prelude to Biological Macromolecules
  16. 1.3.02: Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
  17. 1.3.03: Carbohydrates
  18. 1.3.04: Lipids
  19. 1.3.05: Proteins
  20. 1.3.06: Nucleic Acids
  21. 1.3.E: Biological Macromolecules (Exercises)
  22. 02: Unit II- The Cell
  23. 2.01: Cell Structure
  24. 2.1.01: Prelude to Cell Structure
  25. 2.1.02: Studying Cells
  26. 2.1.03: Prokaryotic Cells
  27. 2.1.04: Eukaryotic Cells
  28. 2.1.05: The Endomembrane System and Proteins
  29. 2.1.06: The Cytoskeleton
  30. 2.1.07: Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
  31. 2.1.E: Cell Structure (Exercises)
  32. 2.02: Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes
  33. 2.2.01: Prelude to Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes
  34. 2.2.02: Components and Structure
  35. 2.2.03: Passive Transport
  36. 2.2.04: Active Transport
  37. 2.2.05: Bulk Transport
  38. 2.2.E: Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes (Exercises)
  39. 2.03: Metabolism
  40. 2.3.01: Prelude to Metabolism
  41. 2.3.02: Energy and Metabolism
  42. 2.3.03: Potential Kinetic Free and Activation Energy
  43. 2.3.04: The Laws of Thermodynamics
  44. 2.3.05: ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate
  45. 2.3.06: Enzymes
  46. 2.3.E: Metabolism (Exercises)
  47. 2.04: Cellular Respiration
  48. 2.4.01: Prelude to Cellular Respiration
  49. 2.4.02: Energy in Living Systems
  50. 2.4.03: Glycolysis
  51. 2.4.04: Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
  52. 2.4.05: Oxidative Phosphorylation
  53. 2.4.06: Metabolism without Oxygen
  54. 2.4.07: Connections of Carbohydrate Protein and Lipid Metabolic Pathways
  55. 2.4.E: Cellular Respiration (Exercises)
  56. 2.05: Photosynthesis
  57. 2.5.01: Prelude to Photosynthesis
  58. 2.5.02: Overview of Photosynthesis
  59. 2.5.03: The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
  60. 2.5.04: Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules
  61. 2.5.E: Photosynthesis (Exercises)
  62. 2.06: Cell Communication
  63. 2.6.01: Prelude to Cell Communication
  64. 2.6.02: Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
  65. 2.6.03: Propagation of the Signal
  66. 2.6.04: Response to the Signal
  67. 2.6.05: Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
  68. 2.6.E: Cell Communication (Exercises)
  69. 2.07: Cell Reproduction
  70. 2.7.01: Preface
  71. 2.7.02: Cell Division
  72. 2.7.03: The Cell Cycle
  73. 2.7.04: Control of the Cell Cycle
  74. 2.7.05: Cancer and the Cell Cycle
  75. 2.7.06: Prokaryotic Cell Division
  76. 2.7.E: Cell Reproduction (Exercises)
  77. 03: Unit III- Genetics
  78. 3.01: Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
  79. 3.1.01: Prelude to Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
  80. 3.1.02: The Process of Meiosis
  81. 3.1.03: Sexual Reproduction
  82. 3.1.E: Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction (Exercises)
  83. 3.02: Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
  84. 3.2.01: Prelude to Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
  85. 3.2.02: Mendels Experiments and the Laws of Probability
  86. 3.2.03: Characteristics and Traits
  87. 3.2.04: Laws of Inheritance
  88. 3.2.E: Mendel's Experiments and Heredity (Exercises)
  89. 3.03: Modern Understandings of Inheritance
  90. 3.3.01: Prelude to Modern Understandings of Inheritance
  91. 3.3.02: Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
  92. 3.3.03: Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
  93. 3.3.E: Modern Understandings of Inheritance (Exercises)
  94. 3.04: DNA Structure and Function
  95. 3.4.01: Prelude to DNA Structure and Function
  96. 3.4.02: Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
  97. 3.4.03: DNA Structure and Sequencing
  98. 3.4.04: Basics of DNA Replication
  99. 3.4.05: DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
  100. 3.4.06: DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
  101. 3.4.07: DNA Repair
  102. 3.4.E: DNA Structure and Function (Exercises)
  103. 3.05: Gene Expression
  104. 3.5.01: Prelude to Genes and Proteins
  105. 3.5.02: The Genetic Code
  106. 3.5.03: Prokaryotic Transcription
  107. 3.5.04: Eukaryotic Transcription
  108. 3.5.05: RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
  109. 3.5.06: Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
  110. 3.5.E: Genes and Proteins (Exercises)
  111. 3.06: Gene Regulation
  112. 3.6.01: Prelude to Gene Expression
  113. 3.6.02: Regulation of Gene Expression
  114. 3.6.03: Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
  115. 3.6.04: Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation
  116. 3.6.05: Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation
  117. 3.6.06: Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
  118. 3.6.07: Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
  119. 3.6.08: Cancer and Gene Regulation
  120. 3.6.E: Gene Expression (Exercises)
  121. 3.07: Biotechnology and Genomics
  122. 3.7.01: Prelude
  123. 3.7.02: Biotechnology
  124. 3.7.03: Mapping Genomes
  125. 3.7.04: Whole-Genome Sequencing
  126. 3.7.05: Applying Genomics
  127. 3.7.06: Genomics and Proteomics
  128. 3.7.E: Biotechnology and Genomics (Exercises)
  129. 04: Unit IV- Evolutionary Processes
  130. 4.1: Evolution- Introduction Mechanisms and Speciation
  131. 4.1.1: Understanding Evolution
  132. 4.1.2: Evidence of Evolution
  133. 4.1.3: Natural Selection and Adaptive Evolution
  134. 4.1.4: Additional Mechanisms of Evolution
  135. 4.2: The Origin of Species
  136. 4.2.1: Species Defined
  137. 4.2.2: Speciation
  138. 4.2.3: Rates of Speciation and Extinction
  139. 4.3: Genes Within Populations
  140. 4.3.1: Evolution of Genomes
  141. 4.3.2: Evolution in Populations
  142. 4.3: Systematics Phylogeny and Comparative Biology
  143. 4.4.1: Systematics and Classification
  144. 4.4.2: Phylogeny and Cladistics
  145. 05: Unit V- Biological Diversity
  146. 5.1: The Origin and Diversity of Life
  147. 5.1.1: Deep Time
  148. 5.1.2: Origins of Life
  149. 5.1.3: Evidence for Early Life
  150. 5.1.4: Eukaryotic Origins
  151. 5.2: Acellular Entities - Viruses Prions and Viroids
  152. 5.02: Prokaryotes - Bacteria and Archaea
  153. 5.3.E: Prokaryotes - Bacteria and Archaea (Exercises)
  154. 5.2.E: Viruses (Exercises)
  155. 5.04: Protists
  156. 5.4.E: Protists (Exercises)
  157. 5.05: Fungi
  158. 5.5.E: Fungi (Exercises)
  159. 5.06: Introduction to Animal Diversity
  160. 5.6.01: Introduction
  161. 5.6.02: The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom
  162. 5.6.03: Features of the Animal Kingdom
  163. 5.6.04: Features Used to Classify Animals
  164. 5.6.05: Animal Phylogeny
  165. 5.6.E: Introduction to Animal Diversity (Exercises)
  166. 5.07: Invertebrates
  167. 5.7.01: Prelude to Invertebrates
  168. 5.7.02: Phylum Porifera
  169. 5.7.03: Phylum Cnidaria
  170. 5.7.04: Superphylum Lophotrochozoa
  171. 5.7.05: Superphylum Ecdysozoa
  172. 5.7.06: Superphylum Deuterostomia
  173. 5.7.E: Invertebrates (Exercises)
  174. 5.08: Vertebrates
  175. 5.8.01: Prelude to Vertebrates
  176. 5.8.02: Chordates
  177. 5.8.03: Fishes
  178. 5.8.04: Amphibians
  179. 5.8.05: Reptiles
  180. 5.8.06: Birds
  181. 5.8.07: Mammals
  182. 5.8.08: The Evolution of Primates
  183. 5.8.E: Vertebrates (Exercises)
  184. 5.09: Plantae
  185. 5.9.1: Kingdom Plantae - Evolution and Phylogeny
  186. 5.9.2: Kingdom Plantae - Adaptations
  187. 5.9.E1: Seedless Plants (Exercises)
  188. 5.9.E2: Seed Plants (Exercises)
  189. 06: Unit VI- Ecology
  190. 6.1: Ecosystems and the Biosphere
  191. 4.4.01: Ecology of Ecosystems
  192. 6.1.2: Energy Flow through Ecosystems
  193. 6.1.3: Terrestrial Biomes
  194. 6.1.4: Aquatic Biomes
  195. 6.1.5: Biogeochemical Cycles
  196. 6.1.6: Biogeography
  197. 6.1.S: Chapter Resources
  198. 6.2: Biodiversity and HIPPPOC
  199. 6.2.1: Introduction to Biodiversity
  200. 6.2.2: Importance of Biodiversity
  201. 6.2.3: The Biodiversity Crisis - HIPPPOC
  202. 6.2.4: Preserving Biodiversity
  203. 6.2.S: Chapter Resources
  204. 6.3: Climate Change
  205. 6.3.1: Introduction to Climate Change
  206. 6.3.2: Anthropogenic Climate Change
  207. 6.3.3: Current and Future Climate Change Impacts
  208. 6.3.4: Climate Strategies