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Chemistry 142: Pre-General Chemistry

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Chemistry 142: Pre-General Chemistry

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Chemistry
Author
Linda Brzezinski
Publisher
Modesto Junior College
Source
LibreTexts
Language
EN
Category
Basic Sciences
Read online Download PDF (open licence)
Contents· 168 sections
  1. 01: Introduction
  2. 1.01: The Scope of Chemistry
  3. 1.02: Hypothesis, Theories, and Laws
  4. 1.2.01: The Scientific Method - How Chemists Think
  5. 1.03: Extensive and Intensive Properties
  6. 1.04: New Page
  7. 1.05: Accuracy and Precision
  8. 1.5.01: Percent Error
  9. 1.5.02: New Page
  10. 1.06: SI Base Units
  11. 1.6.01: SI Length and Volume Units
  12. 1.6.02: SI Mass and Weight Units
  13. 1.6.03: Derived Units
  14. 1.6.04: SI Kinetic Energy Units
  15. 02: Numbers and Measurement
  16. 2.01: Significant Figures - Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision
  17. 2.02: Significant Figures in Calculations
  18. 2.2.01: New Page
  19. 2.03: Scientific Notation - Writing Large and Small Numbers
  20. 2.04: Scientific Dimensional Analysis
  21. 2.05: Metric Unit Conversions
  22. 2.5.01: New Page
  23. 2.06: Density
  24. 2.07: New Page
  25. 03: Matter and Energy
  26. 3.01: The Classification of Matter
  27. 3.02: New Page
  28. 3.03: Physical Change
  29. 3.3.01: New Page
  30. 3.04: Heat
  31. 3.4.01: Exothermic and Endothermic Processes
  32. 3.4.02: Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
  33. 3.4.03: Temperature - Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms
  34. 3.05: Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations
  35. 3.5.01: Specific Heat Calculations
  36. 3.5.02: New Page
  37. 3.06: Phase Changes
  38. 3.6.01: New Page
  39. 04: Atoms and Elements
  40. 4.01: Cutting Alumimun until you get Atoms
  41. 4.1.01: Indivisible - The Atomic Theory
  42. 4.02: The Nuclear Atom
  43. 4.2.01: The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
  44. 4.2.02: Isotopes - When the Number of Neutrons Varies
  45. 4.2.03: Elements- Defined by Their Number of Protons
  46. 4.2.04: New Page
  47. 4.03: Looking for Patterns - The Periodic Table
  48. 4.04: Ions - Losing and Gaining Electrons
  49. 4.4.01: New Page
  50. 4.05: Electronic Structure and the Periodic Table
  51. 4.5.01: New Page
  52. 4.06: Periodic Trends- Atomic Radius
  53. 4.6.01: Periodic Trends- Ionization Energy
  54. 4.6.02: Metallic and Nonmetallic Character
  55. 4.6.03: New Page
  56. 4.07: Calculating Atomic Mass
  57. 4.7.01: New Page
  58. 05: Nuclear Chemistry
  59. 5.01: Radioactivity
  60. 5.02: New Page
  61. 5.03: Half-Life
  62. 5.3.01: New Page
  63. 5.04: Units of Radioactivity
  64. 5.05: Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
  65. 5.06: Nuclear Energy
  66. 5.6.01: New Page
  67. 06: Chemical Compounds
  68. 6.01: Ions
  69. 6.02: Formulas for Ionic Compounds
  70. 6.03: Ionic Nomenclature
  71. 6.3.01: New Page
  72. 6.04: Covalent Compounds - Formulas and Names
  73. 6.05: Acids
  74. 6.5.01: New Page
  75. 6.06: Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds- Electrons Transferred
  76. 6.6.01: Covalent Lewis Structures- Electrons Shared
  77. 6.6.02: Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds
  78. 6.6.03: New Page
  79. 6.07: Predicting the Shapes of Molecules
  80. 6.7.01: New Page
  81. 6.08: Electronegativity and Polarity - Why Oil and Water Don’t Mix
  82. 6.8.01: New Page
  83. 07: Chemical Reactions and Quantities
  84. 7.01: The Mole
  85. 7.1.01: Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors
  86. 7.1.02: New Page
  87. 7.02: Percent Composition
  88. 7.2.01: Determining Empirical Formulas
  89. 7.2.02: Determining Molecular Formulas
  90. 7.2.03: New Page
  91. 7.03: How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations
  92. 7.3.01: New Page
  93. 7.04: Types of Chemical Reactions - Single and Double Replacement Reactions
  94. 7.4.01: Composition, Decomposition, and Combustion Reactions
  95. 7.4.02: Precipitation Reactions
  96. 7.4.03: Ionic Equations - A Closer Look
  97. 7.4.04: Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
  98. 7.4.05: New Page
  99. 7.05: The Mole in Chemical Reactions
  100. 7.5.01: Mole-Mass and Mass-Mass Calculations
  101. 7.5.02: New Page
  102. 7.06: Limiting Reactant and Theoretical Yield
  103. 7.6.01: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants
  104. 7.6.02: New Page
  105. 7.07: Enthalpy Change is a Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed
  106. 7.7.01: New Page
  107. 08: Gases
  108. 8.01: Kinetic Theory of Gases
  109. 8.02: Pressure- The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions
  110. 8.2.01: New Page
  111. 8.03: Boyle's Law
  112. 8.04: Charles’s Law- Volume and Temperature
  113. 8.05: Combined Gas Law
  114. 8.5.01: New Page
  115. 8.06: Avogadro’s Law- Volume and Moles
  116. 8.07: Ideal Gas Law
  117. 8.7.01: New Page
  118. 8.08: Mixtures of Gases - Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen
  119. 8.8.01: New Page
  120. 8.09: Conversions Between Moles and Gas Volume
  121. 8.9.01: New Page
  122. 09: Solutions
  123. 9.01: Solutions - Homogeneous Mixtures
  124. 9.02: Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water- How to Make Rock Candy
  125. 9.03: Henry's Law
  126. 9.3.01: New Page
  127. 9.04: Percent Solutions
  128. 9.4.01: New Page
  129. 9.05: Molarity
  130. 9.5.01: New Page
  131. 9.06: Dilution
  132. 9.6.01: New Page
  133. 9.07: Solution Stoichiometry
  134. 9.7.01: Concentrations as Conversion Factors
  135. 9.7.02: New Page
  136. 9.08: Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation
  137. 9.8.01: Osmosis
  138. 9.8.02: New Page
  139. 10: Equilibrium
  140. 10.01: The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
  141. 10.1.01: New Page
  142. 10.02: The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium
  143. 10.03: The Equilibrium Constant - A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes
  144. 10.3.01: Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants
  145. 10.3.02: New Page
  146. 10.04: Calculations with Equilibrium Constants
  147. 10.4.01: New Page
  148. 10.05: Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium- Le Châtelier’s Principle
  149. 10.5.01: The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium
  150. 10.5.02: The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium
  151. 10.5.03: The Effect of Temperature Changes on Equilibrium
  152. 10.5.04: The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst
  153. 10.5.05: New Page
  154. 11: Acids and Bases
  155. 11.01: Acids- Properties and Examples
  156. 11.1.01: Bases- Properties and Examples
  157. 11.02: Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases
  158. 11.03: Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
  159. 11.04: Strong and Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constant (left( K texta right))
  160. 11.4.01: New Page
  161. 11.05: Water - Acid and Base in One
  162. 11.06: The pH and pOH Scales - Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity
  163. 11.6.01: New Page
  164. 11.07: Reactions of Acids and Bases
  165. 11.08: Acid–Base Titration
  166. 11.8.01: New Page
  167. 11.09: Buffers are Solutions that Resist pH Change
  168. 11.9.01: New Page