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Physical Geology - Stevens

Geosciences

Author: Kimberlee Stevens
Publisher: Sierra College
Source: LibreTexts
Language: EN
Category: Basic Sciences

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Contents· 238 sections

01: Introduction to Physical Geology
1.01: What Is Geology
1.02: Why Study Earth
1.2.01: The Earth in Space
1.2.02: Earth System Science
1.2.03: Early Scientific Thought
1.2.04: We Study Earth Using the Scientific Method
1.2.05: Science Denial and Evaluating Sources
1.2.06: What Do Geologists Do
1.03: Three Big Ideas- Geological Time Uniformitarianism and Plate Tectonics
1.04: The Hydrologic Cycle
1.05: Chapter 1 Summary and Key Term Check
02: Origins - The Universe and Our Solar System
2.01: Starting with a Big Bang
2.1.01: Planet-Forming Materials Come from the Remnants of Exploded Stars
2.02: How to Build a Solar System
2.2.01: Earths First 2 Billion Years
2.2.02: Fundamentals of Plate Tectonics
2.2.03: Are There Other Earths
2.03: Chapter 2 Summary and Key Term Check
03: Matter Minerals and Rocks
3.01: The Building Blocks of Matter
3.1.01: Atoms
3.1.1.01: Ions
3.1.1.02: Typical Valences
3.1.02: Bonding and Lattices
3.02: Common Elements in Crust and Mantle
3.2.01: Common Elements Make Up the Common Minerals
3.2.02: Definition of a Mineral
3.2.03: Crystalline and Noncrystalline Solids
3.2.3.01: Forming Crystals
3.2.3.02: How Minerals Form
3.2.3.03: Evaporite Minerals
3.2.3.04: Crystals and Crystallization Key Concepts
3.03: Mineral Properties
3.04: Mineral Groups
3.4.01: Silicate Minerals
3.4.02: Radioactive Minerals
3.05: Summary and Key Term Check
3.06: Geological Resources
3.6.01: Metal Deposits
3.6.02: Industrial Minerals
3.6.03: Fossil Fuels
3.6.04: Diamonds
3.6.05: Summary and Key Term Check
3.07: The Rock Cycle
3.7.01: What Is A Rock
3.7.02: The Rock Cycle
3.7.03: Summary and Key Term Check
04: Igneous Rocks
4.01: Magma and How It Forms
4.02: Crystallization of Magma
4.03: Classification of Igneous Rocks
4.04: Intrusive Igneous Rocks
4.05: Summary and Key Term Check
05: Weathering Sediment and Soil
5.01: Physical Weathering
5.02: Chemical Weathering
5.03: Controls on Weathering Processes and Rates
5.04: Weathering and Erosion Produce Sediments
5.05: Weathering and Soil Formation
5.5.01: Soil Orders
5.5.02: Review and Additional Resources
5.06: Weathering and Climate Change
5.07: Summary and Key Term Check
06: Sedimentary Rocks
6.01: Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
6.02: Chemical and Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks
6.03: Organic Sedimentary Rocks
6.04: Depositional Environments and Sedimentary Basins
6.4.01: Sea-Floor Sediments
6.05: Sedimentary Structures and Fossils
6.06: Groups Formations and Members
6.07: Summary and Key Term Check
07: Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks
7.01: Controls on Metamorphic Processes
7.02: Foliation and Rock Cleavage
7.03: Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
7.04: Types of Metamorphism and Where They Occur
7.05: Metamorphic Facies and Index Minerals
7.06: Metamorphic Hydrothermal Processes and Metasomatism
7.07: Summary and Key Term Check
08: Measuring Geological Time
8.01: The Geological Timescale
8.02: Relative Dating Methods
8.03: Dating Rocks Using Fossils
8.04: Isotopic Dating Methods
8.4.01: Age of the solar system
8.4.02: The implications of meteorites
8.05: Other Dating Methods
8.06: Understanding Geological Time
8.07: Summary and Key Term Check
09: Earth History
9.01: Origin of the Solar System - The Nebular Hypothesis
9.02: Hadean Eon
9.03: Archean Eon
9.04: Proterzoic Eon
9.05: Phanerozoic Eon - Paleozoic Era
9.06: Phanerozoic Eon - Mesozoic Era
9.07: Phanerozoic Eon - Cenozoic Era
10: Plate Tectonics
10.01: Alfred Wegeners Arguments for Plate Tectonics
10.02: Global Geological Models of the Early 20th Century
10.03: Geological Renaissance of the Mid-20th Century
10.04: Plates Plate Motions and Plate-Boundary Processes
10.05: Mechanisms for Plate Motion
10.06: Summary and Key Term Check
10.07: Geology of the Oceans
10.7.01: The Topography of the Sea Floor
10.7.02: The Geology of the Oceanic Crust
10.7.03: Summary
10.08: Mountain Building
10.8.01: Western Mesozoic Orogenies
10.8.02: (Case Study) Californias Coast Ranges - a Mesozoic accretionary wedge complex
10.8.2.01: Modern physiography suggests an ancient subduction zone
10.8.2.02: Rocks and structures associated with the subduction of oceanic crust
10.8.2.03: The hard rocks - mantle and crust
10.8.2.04: The sedimentary journey
10.8.2.05: Deformation of these rocks into geological structures
10.8.2.06: The end of subduction
10.8.03: The History of the San Andreas Fault and the Basin and Range
11: Earthquakes
11.01: What is an Earthquake
11.02: Seismic Waves and Measuring Earthquakes
11.03: Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics
11.04: The Impacts of Earthquakes
11.05: Forecasting Earthquakes and Minimizing Impacts
11.06: Summary and Key Term Check
11.07: Earths Interior
11.7.01: Earths Layers- Crust Mantle and Core
11.7.02: Imaging Earths Interior
11.7.03: Earths Interior Heat
11.7.04: Earths Magnetic Field
11.7.05: Isostasy
11.7.06: Summary and Key Term Check
12: Geological Structures and Mountain Building
12.01: Stress and Strain
12.02: Folds
12.03: Fractures Joints and Faults
12.04: (Tools of the Trade) Geologic structures
12.4.01: Tectonic Movement
12.4.02: Types of Stress
12.4.03: Deformation - folding
12.4.04: Deformation - Faults
12.05: (Tools of the Trade) Way-up structures
12.5.01: Introduction
12.5.02: Sedimentary way-up structures
12.5.03: Igneous way-up structures
12.5.04: Conclusion
12.06: Measuring Geological Structures
12.07: (Tools of the Trade) Geologic maps
12.7.01: Introduction
12.7.02: History of geologic maps
12.7.03: Elements of a geologic map
12.7.04: Orientation of structures
12.7.05: Folds and faults
12.7.06: The map's explanation
12.7.07: Examples to help train your eye
12.7.08: Practice
12.7.09: Conclusion
12.08: Summary and Key Term Check
13: Volcanism
13.01: What Is A Volcano
13.02: Materials Produced by Volcanic Eruptions
13.03: Types of Volcanoes
13.04: Types of Volcanic Eruptions
13.05: Plate Tectonics and Volcanism
13.06: Volcanic Hazards
13.07: Monitoring Volcanoes and Predicting Eruptions
13.08: Volcanoes in Canada
13.09: Summary and Key Term Check
14: Mass Wasting
14.01: Factors That Control Slope Stability
14.02: Classification of Mass Wasting
14.03: Preventing Delaying Monitoring and Mitigating Mass Wasting
14.04: Summary and Key Term Check
15: Streams and Floods
15.01: Streams in the Hydrological Cycle
15.02: Channel Development and Drainage Basins
15.03: Stream Erosion and Deposition
15.04: Stream Types
15.05: Flooding
15.06: Summary and Key Term Check
16: Groundwater
16.01: Groundwater and Aquifers
16.02: Groundwater Flow
16.03: Groundwater Extraction
16.04: Groundwater Quality
16.05: Summary
16.06: Karst and Caves
16.6.01: Karst Landscapes and Systems
16.6.02: Karst Landscapes Landforms and Surface Features
16.6.03: 12.03-Karst Hydrogeology
16.6.04: Karst Cave Features Cave Contents and Subterranean Life
16.6.05: Origin and Genesis of Caves
16.6.06: Human Interactions with Karst and Caves
16.6.07: Summary and Questions for Review
17: Glaciation and Glacial Features
17.01: Types of Glaciers
17.02: Glacial Erosion
17.03: Glacial Deposits
17.04: Glaciations over Earths History
17.05: (Case Study) The Channeled Scablands of eastern Washington
17.5.01: Uniformitarianism vs. Catastrophism
17.5.02: J Harlen Bretz
17.5.03: Channeled Scablands geomorphology
17.5.04: Bretz floats his hypothesis
17.5.05: Glacial Lake Missoula
17.5.06: Catastrophes aren't against the rules
17.5.07: Further reading
17.06: Summary and Key Term Check
18: Desert Environments and Wind Deposits
18.01: Prelude to Deserts
18.02: The Origin of Deserts
18.03: Desert Weathering and Erosion
18.04: Desert Landforms
18.05: The Great Basin and the Basin and Range
19: Oceans Water Movement and Coastlines
19.01: Overview of the Oceans
19.02: Waves
19.03: Waves and Wave Processes
19.04: Current and Tides
19.05: Sea-Level Change
19.06: Landforms and Coastal Erosion
19.07: Shoreline Features
19.08: Landforms and Coastal Deposition
19.09: Human Interference with Shorelines
19.10: Summary
20: Earth-System Change
20.01: What Is the Earth System
20.1.01: Atmospheric Composition
20.1.02: Greenhouse Effect
20.02: Causes of Climate Change
20.03: Methods for Studying Past Climate
20.04: Computer Models of the Earth System
20.05: Humans in the Earth System
20.06: Welcome to the Anthropocene
20.07: Summary and Key Term Check