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Chem1 Virtual Textbook
This project began in the late 1980's as a means to supplement (or in some cases to largely replace ) the conventional textbook treatments of various topics in courses in General Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry. The purpose was in most cases to provide alternatives to what seemed to be the rather shallow standardized treatments of certain topics presented in many commercial textbooks.
- Author
- Stephen Lower
- Publisher
- Simon Fraser University
- Source
- LibreTexts
- License
- CC BY
- Language
- EN
- Category
- Basic Sciences
Contents· 141 sections
- 01: Fundamentals of Science and Chemistry
- 1.01: Introduction to Chemistry
- 1.02: Pseudoscience
- 02: Essential Background
- 2.01: Classification and Properties of Matter
- 2.02: Energy Heat and Temperature
- 2.03: The Measure of Matter
- 2.04: The Meaning of Measure
- 03: Measuring Matter
- 3.01: Units and Dimensions
- 3.02: The Meaning of Measure
- 3.03: Significant Figures and Rounding off
- 3.04: Reliability of a measurement
- 3.05: Drawing Conclusions from Data
- 04: The Basics of Chemistry
- 4.01: Atoms Elements and the Nucleus
- 4.02: Avogadro's Number and the Mole
- 4.03: Formulas and Their Meaning
- 4.04: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry
- 4.05: Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature
- 4.06: Significant Figures and Rounding
- 05: Atoms and the Periodic Table
- 5.01: Primer on Quantum Theory
- 5.02: Quanta - A New View of the World
- 5.03: Light Particles and Waves
- 5.04: The Bohr Atom
- 5.05: The Quantum Atom
- 5.06: Atomic Electron Configurations
- 5.07: Periodic Properties of the Elements
- 5.08: Why Don't Electrons Fall into the Nucleus
- 06: Properties of Gases
- 6.01: Observable Properties of Gas
- 6.02: Ideal Gas Model - The Basic Gas Laws
- 6.03: Dalton's Law
- 6.04: Kinetic Molecular Theory (Overview)
- 6.05: More on Kinetic Molecular Theory
- 6.06: Real Gases and Critical Phenomena
- 07: Solids and Liquids
- 7.01: Matter under the Microscope
- 7.02: Intermolecular Interactions
- 7.03: Hydrogen-Bonding and Water
- 7.04: Liquids and their Interfaces
- 7.05: Changes of State
- 7.06: Introduction to Crystals
- 7.07: Ionic and Ion-Derived Solids
- 7.08: Cubic Lattices and Close Packing
- 7.09: Polymers and Plastics
- 7.10: Colloids and their Uses
- 08: Solutions
- 8.01: Solutions and their Concentrations
- 8.02: Thermodynamics of Solutions
- 8.2.2A: 8.2.2A: Solutions of Gaseous Solutes in Gaseous Solvents
- 8.2.2B: 8.2.2B: Solutions of Gaseous Solutes in Liquid Solvents
- 8.2.2C: 8.2.2C: Solutions of Liquid Solutes in Liquid Solvents
- 8.2.2D: 8.2.2D: Solutions of Solid Solutes in Liquid Solvents
- 8.03: Colligative Properties- Raoult's Law
- 8.04: Colligative Properties- Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression
- 8.05: Colligative Properties - Osmotic Pressure
- 8.06: Reverse Osmosis
- 8.07: Colligative Properties and Entropy
- 8.08: Ideal vs. Real Solutions
- 8.09: Distillation
- 8.10: Ions and Electrolytes
- 8.10.9A: 8.10.9A: Electrolytes and Electrolytic Solutions
- 8.10.9B: 8.10.9B: The nature of ions in aqueous solution
- 8.10.9C: 8.10.9C: Weak and Strong Electrolytes
- 8.10.9D: 8.10.9D: Ionic migration
- 8.10.9E: 8.10.9E: Some applications of electrolytic conduction
- 09: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
- 9.01: Three Views of Chemical Bonding
- 9.02: Molecules - Properties of Bonded Atoms
- 9.03: Models of Chemical Bonding
- 9.04: Polar Covalence
- 9.05: Molecular Geometry
- 9.06: The Hybrid Orbital Model
- 9.07: The Hybrid Orbital Model II
- 9.08: Molecular Orbital Theory
- 9.09: Bonding in Coordination Complexes
- 9.10: Bonding in Metals
- 9.11: Bonding in Semiconductors
- 9.12: The Shared-Electron Covalent Bond
- 10: Fundamentals of Acids and Bases
- 10.01: Introduction to Acids and Bases
- 10.02: Aqueous Solutions- pH and Titrations
- 10.03: Acid-base reactions a la Brnsted
- 10.04: Acid-Base Reactions
- 10.05: Lewis Acids and Bases
- 10.06: Types of Acids and Bases
- 10.07: Acid-Base Gallery
- 11: Chemical Equilibrium
- 11.01: Introduction to Chemical Equilibrium
- 11.02: Le Chatelier's Principle
- 11.03: Reaction Quotient
- 11.04: Equilibrium Expressions
- 11.05: Equilibrium Calculations
- 11.06: Phase Distribution Equilibria
- 12: Solubility Equilibria
- 13: Acid-Base Equilibria
- 13.01: Introduction to Acid Base Equilibria
- 13.02: Strong Monoprotic Acids and Bases
- 13.03: Finding the pH of weak Acids Bases and Salts
- 13.04: Conjugate Pairs and Buffers
- 13.05: Acid Base Titration
- 13.06: Applications of Acid-Base Equilibria
- 13.07: Exact Calculations and Approximations
- 14: Thermochemistry
- 14.0E: 14.E: Thermochemistry (Exercises)
- 14.01: Energy Heat and Work
- 14.02: The First Law of Thermodynamics
- 14.03: Molecules as Energy Carriers and Converters
- 14.04: Thermochemistry and Calorimetry
- 14.05: Calorimetry
- 14.06: Applications of Thermochemistry
- 15: Thermodynamics of Chemical Equilibria
- 15.01: Energy Spreading Drives Spontaneous Change
- 15.02: Entropy Rules
- 15.03: The Second Law of Thermodynamics
- 15.04: Free Energy and the Gibbs Function
- 15.05: Thermodynamics of Mixing and Dilution
- 15.06: Free energy and Equilibrium
- 15.07: Some Applications of Entropy and Free Energy
- 15.08: Quantum states Microstates and Energy spreading in Reactions
- 16: Electrochemistry
- 16.01: Chemistry and Electricity
- 16.02: Galvanic cells and Electrodes
- 16.03: Cell potentials and Thermodynamics
- 16.04: The Nernst Equation
- 16.05: Applications of the Nernst Equation
- 16.06: Batteries and Fuel Cells
- 16.07: Timeline of Battery Development
- 16.08: Electrochemical Corrosion
- 16.09: Corrosion Gallery
- 16.10: Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis
- 17: Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics
- 17.01: Rates of reactions and rate laws
- 17.02: Reaction Rates Typically Change with Time
- 17.03: Collision and activation- the Arrhenius law
- 17.04: Reaction Mechanisms
- 17.05: Kinetics of Reactions in Solution
- 17.06: Catalysts and Catalysis
- 17.07: Experimental methods of chemical kinetics