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BioGeoChemistry (LibreTexts)

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BioGeoChemistry (LibreTexts)

Biogeochemistry is the scientific discipline that involves the study of the chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes and reactions that govern the composition of the natural environment (including the biosphere, the cryosphere, the hydrosphere, the pedosphere, the atmosphere, and the lithosphere).

Geography (Physical)Geosciences
Author
Josh Halpern
Publisher
LibreTexts
Source
LibreTexts
License
CC BY-SA
Language
EN
Category
Basic Sciences
Read online Download PDF (open licence)
Contents· 217 sections
  1. 01: Introduction
  2. 1.01: What is biogeochemistry
  3. 1.02: Chemistry and Energetics of the Life Process
  4. 1.03: Systems Cycles Reservoirs and Fluxes
  5. 1.04: Gaia - Bioregulation of the Environment
  6. 02: Origins
  7. 2.01: Introduction
  8. 2.02: Origin of the Elements
  9. 2.03: Formation and evolution of the Earth
  10. 2.04: The Earth's crust
  11. 2.05: Origin of the atmosphere and the oceans
  12. 2.5.01: Origin of the Oceans
  13. 2.5.02: Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere
  14. 2.06: Earthlike Planets - Venus and Mars
  15. 2.6.01: The Nearest Planets - An Overview
  16. 2.6.02: The Geology of Venus
  17. 2.6.03: The Massive Atmosphere of Venus
  18. 2.6.04: The Geology of Mars
  19. 2.6.05: Water and Life on Mars
  20. 2.6.06: Divergent Planetary Evolution
  21. 2.6.E: Earthlike Planets - Venus and Mars (Exercises)
  22. 2.07: Summary
  23. 03: The Atmosphere
  24. 3.01: Introduction
  25. 3.02: Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere
  26. 3.03: Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere
  27. 3.04: General Circulation
  28. 3.4.01: A Simplified Description of the Global Circulation
  29. 3.4.02: Radiative Differential Heating
  30. 3.4.03: Pressure Profiles
  31. 3.4.04: Geostrophic Wind and Geostrophic Adjustment
  32. 3.4.05: Thermal Wind Effect
  33. 3.4.06: Horizontal Circulation
  34. 3.4.07: Extratropical Ridges and Troughs (Rossby Waves)
  35. 3.4.08: Three-band Global Circulation
  36. 3.4.09: Ekman Spiral of Ocean Currents
  37. 3.4.10: Explaining the General Circulation
  38. 3.4.11: Jet Streams
  39. 3.4.12: Types of Vorticity
  40. 3.4.13: Key Terms
  41. 3.4.14: Review
  42. 3.4.15: Homework Exercises
  43. 3.05: Atmospheric Composition
  44. 3.5.01: Atmospheric Composition
  45. 3.5.02: Changes in Atmospheric Composition
  46. 3.5.03: Other Trace Gases
  47. 3.5.04: Stratospheric Ozone Formation
  48. 3.5.05: The Story of the Atmosphere's PAC-MAN
  49. 3.5.06: Where do Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) come from
  50. 3.5.07: Summary and Final Tasks
  51. 3.06: Biogeochemical reactions in the troposphere
  52. 3.07: Atmospheric deposition
  53. 3.7.01: Acid Deposition
  54. 3.08: Biogeochemical reactions in the stratosphere
  55. 3.09: Models
  56. 3.10: Impacts
  57. 3.11: Summary
  58. 04: The Lithosphere
  59. 4.01: The Earth - The Ground Beneath Your Feet
  60. 4.02: Minerals
  61. 4.03: Rocks
  62. 4.04: Bedrock
  63. 4.05: Weathering
  64. 4.06: The Mineral Particles of the Earth's Surface Materials
  65. 4.07: Regolith
  66. 4.08: Sediment
  67. 4.09: Soils
  68. 4.10: Soil Chemistry
  69. 4.11: Soil Biodiversity and Ecology
  70. 4.12: Soil Nutrient Cycling
  71. 4.13: Weathering Erosion and Mass Movement
  72. 4.13.01: Weathering
  73. 4.13.02: Mass Movement
  74. 4.13.03: Water Erosion
  75. 4.13.04: Review and Additional Resources
  76. 4.14: Summary
  77. 05: The Carbon Cycle of Terrestrial Ecosystems
  78. 5.01: Introduction
  79. 5.02: Photosynthesis
  80. 5.03: Respiration
  81. 5.04: Net Primary Production
  82. 5.4.01: Marine Primary Production
  83. 5.4.1.01: Primary production
  84. 5.4.1.02: The Producers
  85. 5.4.1.03: Factors Influencing Production
  86. 5.4.1.04: Patterns of Primary Production
  87. 5.4.02: Surface Primary Production
  88. 5.05: Net ecosystem production and Eddy-covariance studies
  89. 5.06: Remote sensing of primary production and biomass
  90. 5.07: Global estimates of net primary production and biomass
  91. 5.08: The fate of net primary production
  92. 5.8.01: Introduction to and Components of Food Webs
  93. 5.8.02: Quantifying Food Webs
  94. 5.8.03: Trophic Cascades
  95. 5.8.04: Sources and Attributions
  96. 5.09: Net primary production and global change
  97. 5.10: Detritus
  98. 5.11: Soil organic matter and global change
  99. 5.12: Summary
  100. 06: Biogeochemical Cycling on Land
  101. 6.01: Biogeochemical cycling in land plants
  102. 6.02: Nutrient allocations and cycling in land vegetation
  103. 6.03: Biogeochemical cycling in the soil
  104. 6.3.01: Soils and the carbon cycle
  105. 6.3.02: Soils and the Water Cycle
  106. 6.04: Calculating landscape mass balance
  107. 6.05: Ecosystem models and remote sensing
  108. 6.06: Ecosystem Monitoring
  109. 6.07: Human impacts on terrestrial biogeochemistry
  110. 6.7.01: Introduction
  111. 6.7.02: Human-Induced Changes
  112. 6.7.03: Sinks and Cycles
  113. 6.7.04: Impacts and Options
  114. 6.7.05: References
  115. 6.08: Summary
  116. 07: Wetland Ecosystems
  117. 7.01: Introduction
  118. 7.02: Types of wetlands
  119. 7.03: Productivity in wetland ecosystems
  120. 7.04: Organic matter storage in wetlands
  121. 7.05: Microbial metabolism in saturated sediments
  122. 7.06: Anaerobic and aerobic metabolic pathways
  123. 7.07: The redox ladder
  124. 7.08: Wetlands and water quality
  125. 7.09: Wetlands and global change
  126. 7.9.01: Introduction
  127. 7.9.02: Carbon Accumulation and GHG Emissions from Freshwater Wetlands (Including Permafrost) In a Changing Climate
  128. 7.9.03: Ecological Consequences for Freshwater Wetlands in a Changing Climate
  129. 7.9.04: Salt Marsh and Mangrove Response to a Changing Climate and Associated Sea Level Rise
  130. 7.10: Summary
  131. 08: Inland waters
  132. 8.01: Introduction
  133. 8.02: The structure of aquatic ecosystems
  134. 8.03: The special properties of water
  135. 8.04: Inland waters and their watersheds
  136. 8.4.01: The Physical Template
  137. 8.4.02: Watershed Structure
  138. 8.4.03: Watershed Functions
  139. 8.4.04: Summary
  140. 8.05: Lakes
  141. 8.5.01: Freshwater Lakes
  142. 8.5.02: Saline Lakes
  143. 8.06: Streams and Rivers
  144. 8.07: Estuaries- Where the turf meets the surf
  145. 8.08: Waves and Beaches
  146. 8.09: Human impacts on inland waters
  147. 8.9.01: Fresh Water Supply and the Water Cycle
  148. 8.9.02: Water Usage
  149. 8.9.03: Water Scarcity and Solutions
  150. 8.9.04: Data Dive- Aqueducts of Rome
  151. 8.9.05: Review
  152. 8.10: Summary
  153. 09: The Oceans
  154. 9.01: Introduction
  155. 9.02: Properties of Seawater
  156. 9.2.01: Properties of Seawater
  157. 9.2.02: Specific Heat and Latent Heat Capacity of Water
  158. 9.2.03: Energy Associated With Evaporation and Condensation of Water In the Air
  159. 9.2.04: Salinity
  160. 9.2.05: Formation of Sea Ice
  161. 9.2.06: Relationship of Salinity Density and Temperature
  162. 9.2.07: Salinity and Latitude
  163. 9.2.08: Cline Curves and Mixing (Surface) Zone
  164. 9.2.09: Gases Dissolved In Seawater
  165. 9.2.10: Local Conditions in the San Diego Region
  166. 9.2.11: Quiz Questions Properties of Seawater
  167. 9.03: Biogeochemistry of the surface ocean
  168. 9.3.01: Introduction
  169. 9.3.02: Biological Pump
  170. 9.3.03: Export from the Upper Ocean to the Depths and Sediments
  171. 9.3.04: Summary
  172. 9.04: 12.4 Biogeochemistry of the Deep Ocean
  173. 9.05: Biogeochemistry in ocean sediments
  174. 9.5.01: Introduction
  175. 9.5.02: Classifying Sediments
  176. 9.5.03: Lithogenous Sediments
  177. 9.5.04: Biogenous Sediments
  178. 9.5.05: Hydrogenous Sediments
  179. 9.5.06: Cosmogenous Sediments
  180. 9.5.07: Sediment Distribution
  181. 9.06: Marine element cycles
  182. 9.07: The Oceans and Global Climate Change
  183. 9.08: Summary
  184. 10: The Global Water Cycle
  185. 10.01: Introduction
  186. 10.02: Models of the hydrologic cycle
  187. 10.03: The history of the water cycle
  188. 10.04: The water cycle and climate change
  189. 10.05: Summary
  190. 11: The Global Carbon and Oxygen Cycles
  191. 11.01: Introduction
  192. 11.02: What might stimulate net primary production
  193. 11.03: Temporal perspectives of the carbon cycle
  194. 11.04: Atmospheric methane
  195. 11.05: Carbon monoxide
  196. 11.06: Synthesis- Linking the carbon and oxygen cycles
  197. 11.07: Summary
  198. 12: The Global Cycles of Nitrogen Phosphorus and Potassium
  199. 12.01: Introduction
  200. 12.02: The global nitrogen cycle
  201. 12.2.01: Chemistry of the nitrogen cycle
  202. 12.03: Temporal variations in the global nitrogen cycle
  203. 12.04: Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
  204. 12.4.01: Terrestrial
  205. 12.4.02: Marine
  206. 12.4.03: Human Sources
  207. 12.05: The global phosphorus cycle
  208. 12.06: Potassium- An overlooked limiting element
  209. 12.07: Linking global biogeochemical cycles
  210. 12.08: Summary
  211. 13: The Global Cycles of Sulfur and Mercury
  212. 13.01: Introduction
  213. 13.02: The global sulfur cycle
  214. 13.03: Interactions of the sulfur and oxygen cycles
  215. 13.04: Temporal perspectives on the global sulfur cycle
  216. 13.05: The global mercury cycle
  217. 13.06: Summary