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Klein and Straumanis Guided

Chemistry

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Contents· 492 sections

01: A Review of General Chemistry - Electrons Bonds and Molecular Properties
1.01: Introduction to Organic Chemistry
1.02: 1-3 Atomic Orbitals and Hybridization
1.2.01: (sp) Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Acetylene
1.2.02: (sp2) Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Ethylene
1.2.03: (sp3) Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Ethane
1.2.04: (sp3) Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Methane
1.03: Valence Bond Theory
1.04: Molecular Orbital Theory
1.05: Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties
1.06: Solubility
1.07: 1-2 Electron-Dot Model of Bonding- Lewis Structures and Formal Charges
1.08: 1-4 Determining Molecular Shape
1.09: 1-5 Dipole Moments and Molecular Polarity
1.9.01: Polar Covalent Bonds- Electronegativity
1.9.02: Polar Covalent Bonds- Dipole Moments
1.10: 1-6 Induction and Polar Covalent Bonds
1.10.01: Noncovalent Interactions Between Molecules
1.E: A Review of General Chemistry (Exercises)
02: Molecular Representations
2.01: Molecular Representations
2.02: Bond-Line Structures
2.03: 2.2 Polar Covalent Bonds- Dipole Moments
2.04: Identifying Functional Groups
2.05: Carbon Atoms with Formal Charges
2.06: Identifying Lone Pairs
2.07: Three-Dimensional Bond-Line Structures
2.08: 2-2 Introduction to Resonance
2.8.01: Building Resonance Structures
2.8.02: Rules for Resonance Forms
2.09: Curved Arrows
2.10: Formal Charges in Resonance Structures
2.11: Assessing Relative Importance of Resonance Structures
2.12: Delocalized and Localized Lone Pairs
2.13: 2-1 Drawing Chemical Structures
2.14: 2-3 Drawing Resonance Structures
2.14.01: Drawing Resonance Forms Using Pattern Recognition
2.E: Molecular Representations (Exercises)
03: Acids and Bases
3.01: 1.21 How the Structure of an Acid Affects its pka Value
3.02: An Introduction to Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
3.03: Flow of Electron Density - Curved Arrow Notation
3.04: Brnsted-Lowry Acidity - A Quantitative Perspective
3.05: Brnsted-Lowry Acidity - Qualitative Perspective
3.06: Position of Equilibrium and Choice of Reagents
3.07: Choice of Solvent
3.08: Solvating Effects
3.09: Counterions
3.10: Lewis Acids and Bases
3.11: Hydrogen Bonds
3.12: 3-1 Physical properties of organic compounds
3.13: 3-3 Acids and Bases Electrophiles and Nucleophiles
3.14: 3-4 Organic Acids and Bases
3.15: 3-5 How to Predict the Outcome of an Acid-Base Reaction
3.16: 3-6 How Substituents Affect the Strength of an Acid
3.17: 3-7 Factors That Determine Acid Strength
3.E: Acids and Bases (Exercises)
04: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
4.01: 3.5 Properties of Alkanes
4.02: 3-1 Conformations of open-chain organic molecules
4.2.01: Alkanes and Their Stereochemistry
4.03: 3-2 Conformations of cyclic organic molecules
4.3.01: Conformations of Cyclohexane
4.04: Introduction to Alkanes
4.05: Nomenclature of Alkanes
4.06: Constitutional Isomers of Alkanes
4.07: Relative Stability of Isomeric Alkanes
4.08: Sources and Uses of Alkanes
4.09: Drawing Newman Projections
4.10: Cycloalkanes
4.11: Conformations of Cyclohexane
4.12: Drawing Chair Conformations
4.13: Monosubstituted Cyclohexane
4.14: Disubstituted Cyclohexane
4.15: cis-trans Stereoisomerism
4.16: Polycyclic Systems
4.17: 4-1 Naming Alkanes
4.18: 4-2 Naming Cycloalkanes
4.19: 4-3 Cis-Trans Isomerism in Cycloalkanes
4.20: 4-4 Alkanes and Alkane Isomers
4.21: 4-5 Combustion. Heats of Reaction. Bond Energies
4.E: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes (Exercises)
05: Stereoisomerism
5.01: Prelude to Stereoisomerism
5.02: Overview of Isomerism
5.03: Introduction to Stereoisomerism
5.04: Designating Configuration Using the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog System
5.05: Optical Activity
5.06: 5-4 Stereoisomeric Relationships - Enantiomers and Diastereomers
5.6.01: 001 Pasteur's Discovery of Enantiomers
5.6.02: Diastereomers
5.6.03: Meso Compounds
5.07: Symmetry and Chirality
5.08: Fischer Projections
5.09: Conformationally Mobile Systems
5.10: Resolution of Enantiomers
5.11: Chiral Molecules
5.12: 5-1 Looking Glass ChemistryChiral and Achiral Molecules
5.13: 5-2 The Reason for Handedness in Molecules- Chirality
5.14: 5-3 Optical Activity
5.15: 5-5 Sequence Rules for Specifying Configuration
5.15.01: Diastereomers and Fischer Projections
5.E: Stereoisomerism (Exercises)
06: Chemical Reactivity and Mechanisms
6.01: Enthalpy
6.02: Entropy
6.03: Gibbs Free Energy
6.04: Equilibria
6.05: Kinetics
6.06: Reading Energy Diagrams
6.07: Mechanisms and Arrow Pushing
6.08: Combining the Patterns of Arrow Pushing
6.09: Catalysts
6.10: Drawing Curved Arrows
6.11: Carbocation Rearrangements
6.12: Nucleophiles and Electrophiles
6.13: 6-10 Describing a Reaction- Intermediates
6.14: 6-11 Reaction Mechanisms Involving Polar Functional Groups- Using Electron-Pushing' Arrows
6.15: 6-1 Writing Equations for Organic Reactions
6.16: 6-2 Kinds of Organic Reactions
6.17: 6-3 Bond Breaking and Bond Making
6.18: 6-4 Bond Dissociation Energy
6.19: 6-5 Thermodynamics
6.20: 6-6 Enthalpy and Entropy
6.21: 6-7 Energy Diagrams
6.22: 6-8 Energy Diagram for a Two-Step Reaction Mechanism
6.23: 6-9 Kinetics
6.E: Chemical Reactivity and Mechanisms (Exercises)
07: Substitution Reactions
7.01: 7-2 The (S N2) Reaction
7.02: 7-3 Characteristics of the (S N2) Reaction
7.03: 7-4 The (S N1) Reaction
7.04: 7-5 Characteristics of the (S N1) Reaction
7.05: Introduction to Substitution Reactions
7.06: Alkyl Halides
7.07: Possible Mechanisms for Substitution Reactions
7.08: The SN2 Mechanism
7.09: The SN1 Mechanism
7.10: Drawing the Complete Mechanism of an SN1 Reaction
7.11: Drawing the Complete Mechanism of an SN2 Reaction
7.12: Determining Which Mechanism Predominates
7.13: Selecting Reagents to Accomplish Functional Group Transformation
7.14: 7-7 When Is the Mechanism (S N1) or (S N2)
7.15: 7-1 Introduction to Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
7.16: 7-8 Carbocation Structure and Stability
7.17: 7-9 Carbocation Stability
7.18: 7-6 Structural and Solvent Effects in (S N) Reactions
7.E: Substitution Reactions (Exercises)
08: Alkenes- Structure and Preparation via Elimination Reactions
8.01: Introduction to Elimination Reactions
8.02: Alkenes in Nature and in Industry
8.03: Nomenclature of Alkenes
8.04: Stereoisomerism in Alkenes
8.05: Alkene Stability
8.06: Possible Mechanisms for Elimination
8.07: The E2 Mechanism
8.08: Drawing the Products of an E2 Reaction
8.09: The E1 Mechanism
8.10: Drawing the Complete Mechanism of an E1 Process
8.11: Drawing the Complete Mechanism of an E2 Process 372
8.12: Substitution vs. Elimination- Identifying the Reagent
8.13: Substitution vs. Elimination- Identifying the Mechanism(s)
8.14: Substitution vs. Elimination- Predicting the Products
8.15: 8-1 Elimination Reactions- Zaitsev's Rule
8.16: 8-1 Nucleophilic Character of the Pi Bond- Electrophilic Addition of Hydrogen Halides
8.17: 8-3 The E2 Reaction and the Deuterium Isotope Effect
8.18: 8-2 Unimolecular Elimination- E1
8.19: 8-4 The E2 Reaction and Cyclohexane Conformation
8.20: 8-5 Keys to Success- Substitutin Versus Elimination-Structure Determines Function
8.E: Alkenes (Exercises)
09: Addition Reactions of Alkenes
9.01: Vicinal SYn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetroxide
9.02: Oxidative Cleavage- Ozonolysis
9.03: 9-6 Halogenation of Alkenes- Addition of (X 2)
9.04: 9-10 Hydration of Alkenes- Addition of (H 2O) by Hydroboration
9.05: Introduction to Addition Reactions
9.06: Addition vs. Elimination - A Thermodynamic Perspective
9.07: Hydrohalogenation
9.08: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration
9.09: Oxymercuration-Demercuration
9.10: Hydroboration-Oxidation
9.11: Catalytic Hydrogenation
9.12: Halogenation and Halohydrin Formation
9.13: Anti Dihydroxylation
9.14: Syn Dihydroxylation
9.15: Oxidative Cleavage
9.16: Predicting Products of an Addition Reaction
9.17: Synthesis Strategies
9.18: 9-10 Reduction of Alkenes- Hydrogenation
9.19: 9-11 Catalytic Hydrogenation
9.20: 9-12 Reduction of Alkynes
9.21: 9-13 Oxidation of Alkenes- Cleavage to Carbonyl Compounds
9.22: 9-14 Naming Alkenes
9.23: 9-15 Cis-Trans Isomerism in Alkenes
9.24: 9-16 Sequence Rules- The EZ Designation
9.25: 9-1 Nucleophilic Character of the Pi Bond- Electrophilic Addition of Hydrogen Halides
9.26: 9-2 Alcohol Synthesis by Electrophilic Hydration- Thermodynamic Control
9.27: 9-3 Oxymercuration-Demercuration- A Special Elcctrophilic Addition
9.28: 9-4 Hydroboration-Oxidation- A Stereospecific Anti-Markovnikov Hydration
9.29: 9-7 Halohydrins from Alkenes- Addition of HOX
9.30: 9-8Radical Additions- Anti-Markovnikov Product Formation
9.31: 9-8 Oxacyclopropane ( Epoxide) Synthesis- Epoxidation by Peroxycarboxylic Acids
9.32: 9-9 Oxidation of Alkenes- Epoxidation and Hydroxylation
9.E: Addition Reactions of Alkenes (Exercises)
10: Alkynes
10.01: Alkylation of Terminal Alkynes
10.02: Synthesis Strategies
10.03: Introduction to Alkynes
10.04: Nomenclature of Alkynes
10.05: Acidity of Acetylene and Terminal Alkynes
10.06: Preparing Alkynes
10.07: Reduction of Alkynes
10.08: Hydrohalogenation of Alkynes
10.09: Hydration of Alkynes
10.10: Halogenation of Alkynes
10.11: Ozonolysis of Alkynes
10.12: 10-1 Naming Alkynes
10.13: 10-2 Alkyne Acidity- Formation of Acetylide Anions
10.14: 10-3 Alkylation of Acetylide Anions
10.15: 10-4 Preparation of Alkynes- Elimination Reactions of Dihalides
10.16: 10-6 Oxidative Cleavage of Alkynes
10.17: 10-7 Hydration of Triple Bonds
10.18: 10-8 HydroborationOxidation
10.19: 10-5 Reactions of Alkynes- Addition of HX and (X 2)
10.E: Alkynes (Exercises)
11: Radical Reactions
11.01: Radicals
11.02: Common Patterns in Radical Mechanisms
11.03: Chlorination of Methane
11.04: Thermodynamic Considerations for Halogenation Reactions
11.05: Regioselectivity of Halogenation
11.06: Stereochemistry of Halogenation
11.07: Allylic Bromination
11.08: Atmospheric Chemistry and the Ozone Layer
11.09: Autooxidation and Antioxidants
11.10: Addition of HBr- Anti-Markovnikov Addition
11.11: Radical Polymerization
11.12: Radical Processes in the Petrochemical Industry
11.13: Halogenation as a Synthetic Technique
11.14: 11-1 Preparing Alkyl Halides from Alkanes- Radical Halogenation
11.15: 11-2 Chlorination of Methane- The Radical Chain Mechanism
11.16: 11-3 Selectivity in Radical Halogenation with Fluorine and Bromine
11.17: 11-4 Radical Halogenation at an Allylic Carbon
11.18: 11-5 Radical chain reactions
11.19: 11-6Radical Additions- Anti-Markovnikov Product Formation
11.E: Radical Reactions (Exercises)
12: Synthesis
12.01: One-Step Syntheses
12.02: Retrosynthetic Analysis
12.03: Practical Tips for Increasing Proficiency
12.04: An Introduction to Organic Synthesis
12.05: Building the Carbon Skeleton
12.06: The Logic of Synthesis
12.E: Synthesis (Exercises)
13: Alcohols and Phenols
13.01: Physical Properties of Alcohols Hydrogen Bonding
13.02: Preparation of Alcohols via Reduction
13.03: Preparation of Diols
13.04: Reactions of Alcohols - Substitution and Elimination
13.05: Reactions of Alcohols- Oxidation
13.06: Biological Redox Reactions
13.07: Oxidation of Phenol
13.08: Synthesis Strategies
13.09: Physical Properties of Alcohols Hydrogen Bonding
13.10: Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
13.11: Synthesis of Alcohols - Review
13.12: Dehydration Reactions of Alcohols
13.13: Oxidation Reactions of Alcohols
13.14: Alcohols from Reaction of Carbonyl Compounds- Grignard Reagents
13.15: 13.7 Reactions of Alcohols
13.16: Protection of Alcohols
13.17: 13.9 Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds- Reduction
13.E: Alcohols and Phenols (Exercises)
14: Ethers and Epoxides Thiols and Sulfides
14.01: Introduction to Ethers
14.02: Nomenclature of Ethers
14.03: Crown Ethers
14.04: Nomenclature of Epoxides
14.05: Enantioselective Epoxidation
14.06: Reactions of Epoxides - Ring-opening
14.07: Thiols and Sulfides
14.08: Synthesis Strategies Involving Epoxides
14.09: Names and Properties of Ethers
14.10: Synthesis of Ethers
14.11: Reactions of Ethers - Acidic Cleavage
14.E: Ethers and Epoxides Thiols and Sulfides (Exercises)
15: Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry
15.01: 6-1 Spectroscopy and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
15.02: 6-2 Infrared Spectroscopy
15.03: 6-3 Interpreting Infrared Spectra
15.04: 6-4 Infrared Spectra of Some Common Functional Groups
15.05: 6-5 Mass Spectrometry of Small Molecules- Magnetic-Sector Instruments
15.5.01: Mass Spectroscopy in Further Detail
15.06: 6-6 Interpreting Mass Spectra
15.07: 6-7 Mass Spectrometry of Some Common Functional Groups
15.08: 6-8 Isotopes in Mass Spectrometry
15.09: 6-9 Fragmentation Patterns of Organic Molecules
15.9.01: More Fragmentation
16: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
16.01: Introduction to NMR Spectroscopy
16.02: Acquiring a H NMR Spectrum
16.03: Characteristics of a H NMR Spectrum
16.04: Number of Signals
16.05: Chemical Shift
16.06: Integration
16.07: Multiplicity
16.08: Using H NMR Spectroscopy to Distinguish between Compounds
16.09: Analyzing a H NMR Spectrum
16.10: Acquiring a C NMR Spectrum
16.11: Chemical Shifts in C NMR Spectroscopy
16.12: DEPT C NMR Spectroscopy
16.13: Drawing the Expected H NMR Spectrum of a Compound
16.14: 16-10 Integration of H NMR Absorptions- Proton Counting
16.15: 16-10 Spin-Spin Splitting in H NMR Spectra
16.16: 16-11 More Complex Spin-Spin Splitting Patterns
16.17: 16-12 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy - Extra Details
16.18: 16-1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
16.19: 16-2 The Nature of NMR Absorptions
16.20: 16-3 Chemical Shifts
16.21: 16-4 C NMR Spectroscopy- Signal Averaging and FT-NMR
16.22: 16-5 Characteristics of C NMR Spectroscopy
16.23: 16-6 DEPT C NMR Spectroscopy
16.24: 16-7 Uses of C NMR Spectroscopy
16.25: 16-8 H NMR Spectroscopy and Proton Equivalence
16.26: 16-9 Chemical Shifts in H NMR Spectroscopy
16.27: Structure Determination - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
16.E: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (Exercises)
17: Conjugated Pi Systems and Pericyclic Reactions
17.01: An Introduction to Pericyclic Reactions
17.02: MO Description of Cycloadditions
17.03: Electrocyclic Reactions
17.04: Sigmatropic Rearrangements
17.05: Electronic Spectra- Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy
17.06: Color
17.07: The Chemistry of Vision
17.08: Introduction
17.09: Two Neighboring Double Bonds- Conjugated Dienes
17.10: Two Neighboring Double Bonds- Conjugated Dienes and MO Theory
17.11: 13- or Conjugated Dienes. Electrophilic and Radical Addition
17.12: Electrophilic Attack on Conjugated Dienes-Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control
17.13: Kinetic versus Thermodynamic Control
17.14: Polymerization Reactions of Conjugated Dienes
17.15: The Diels-Alder Cycloaddition
17.16: Diels-Alder - a closer look
17.17: Electrocyclic Reactions
17.E: Conjugated Pi Systems and Pericyclic Reactions (Exercises)
18: Aromatic Compounds
18.01: Aromaticity and the Huckel 4n 2 Rule
18.02: Introduction to Aromatic Compounds
18.03: Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives
18.04: Reactions at the Benzylic Position
18.05: Reduction of the Aromatic Moiety
18.06: Delocalized Electrons Explain Benzenes Structure
18.07: Structure and Resonance Energy of Benzene- A First Look at Aromaticity
18.08: Spectral Characteristics of the Benzene Ring
18.E: Aromatic Compounds (Exercises)
19: Aromatic Substitution Reactions
19.01: Nitration
19.02: Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
19.03: Friedel-Crafts Acylation
19.04: Halogens - The Exception
19.05: Activation or Deactivation by Substituents on a Benzene Ring
19.06: Trisubstituted Benzenes - Additivity of Effects
19.07: An Explanation of Substituent Effects
19.08: Synthesis of Polysubstituted Benzenes
19.09: Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
19.10: Benzyne
19.11: Elimination-Addition
19.12: 19.15 Identifying the Mechanism of an Aromatic Substitution Reaction
19.13: Synthesis of Benzene Derivatives- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
19.14: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions - Bromination
19.15: Other Aromatic Substitutions
19.16: Substituent Effects in Substituted Aromatic Rings
19.17: An Explanation of Substituent Effects
19.E: Aromatic Substitution Reactions (Exercises)
20: Aldehydes and Ketones
20.01: 19.5 Nucleophilic Addition of
20.1.01: (H 2O
20.1.1.01: 20.4 Nucleophilic Addition of (H 2O)- Hydration
20.02: Mechanism Strategies
20.03: Sulfur Nucleophiles
20.04: Hydrogen Nucleophiles
20.05: 20.10 Nucleophilic Addition of Phosphorus Ylides- The Wittig Reaction
20.06: Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones
20.07: Synthesis Strategies
20.08: Spectroscopic Analysis of Aldehydes and Ketones
20.09: 20.1 Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones
20.10: 20.2 Naming Aldehydes and Ketones
20.11: 20.3 Preparing Aldehydes and Ketones
20.12: Nucleophilic Addition of Alcohols- Acetal Formation
20.13: 20.5a Nucleophilic Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
20.14: Nucleophilic Addition of Amines- Imine and Enamine Formation
20.15: 20.7a Nucleophilic Addition of Hydrazin - The Wolff-Kishner Reaction
20.E: Aldehydes and Ketones (Exercises)
21: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
21.01: 20.2 Naming Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles
21.02: 20.3 Structure and Properties of Carboxylic Acids
21.03: Introduction to Carboxylic Acids
21.04: Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
21.05: Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
21.06: Introduction to Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
21.07: 21.10 Chemistry of Esters
21.08: Reactions of Esters
21.09: 21.12 Chemistry of Amides
21.10: 21.13 Preparing Carboxylic Acids
21.11: Synthesis Strategies
21.12: Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
21.13: 21.4 Preparing Carboxylic Acids
21.14: 21.5 Structure and Properties of Carboxylic Acids
21.15: 21.7 Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions
21.16: 21.8 Chemistry of Acid Halides
21.17: 21.8 Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
21.18: 21.9 Chemistry of Acid Anhydrides
21.E: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives (Exercises)
22: Alpha Carbon Chemistry- Enols and Enolates
22.01: 19.13 Conjugate Nucleophilic Addition to
22.1.01: (
22.1.1.01: alpha
22.1.1.1.01: )
22.1.1.1.1.01: (
22.1.1.1.1.1.01: beta
22.02: 22.1 Intro to Enols and Enolates
22.03: Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones
22.04: 22.3a Carbonyl Condensations - The Aldol Reaction
22.05: 22.3b Dehydration of Aldol Products - Synthesis of Enones
22.06: 22.4 Claisen Condensation Reactions
22.07: Alkylation of the Alpha Position
22.08: 22.5 Alkylation of Enolate Ions
22.09: 22.6 Conjugate Nucleophilic Addition to (alpha) (beta)-unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones
22.10: Synthesis Strategies
22.E: Alpha Carbon Chemistry- Enols and Enolates (Exercises)
23: Amines
23.01: Introduction to Amines
23.02: Preparation of Amines - A Review
23.03: Preparation of Amines via Substitution Reactions
23.04: Preparation of Amines via Reductive Amination
23.05: Synthesis Strategies
23.06: Acylation of Amines
23.07: The Hofmann Elimination
23.08: Reactions of Amines with Nitrous Acid
23.09: Reactions of Aryldiazonium Ions
23.10: Nitrogen Heterocycles
23.11: 23.12 Heterocyclic Amines
23.12: Spectroscopy of Amines
23.13: 23.2 Naming Amines
23.14: 23.3 Basicity of Amines
23.15: 23.3 Structure and Properties of Amines
23.16: Synthesis of Amines by Alkylation
23.17: 23.5 Synthesis of Amines
23.E: Amines (Exercises)
24: Carbohydrates
24.01: Introduction to Carbohydrates
24.02: Classification of Monosaccharides
24.03: Configuration of Aldoses
24.04: Configuration of Ketoses
24.05: Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides
24.06: Reactions of Monosaccharides
24.07: Disaccharides
24.08: Polysaccharides
24.09: Amino Sugars
24.10: N-Glycosides
24.E: Carbohydrates (Exercises)
25: Amino Acids Peptides and Proteins
25.01: Introduction to Amino Acids Peptides and Proteins
25.02: Structure and Properties of Amino Acids
25.03: Amino Acid Synthesis
25.04: Structure of Peptides
25.05: Sequencing a Peptide
25.06: Peptide Synthesis
25.07: Protein Structure
25.08: Protein Function
25.E: Amino Acids Peptides and Proteins (Exercises)
26: Lipids
26.01: Introduction to Lipids
26.02: Waxes
26.03: Triglycerides
26.04: Reactions of Triglycerides
26.05: Phospholipids
26.06: Steroids
26.07: Prostaglandins
26.08: Terpenes
26.E: Lipids (Exercises)
27: Synthetic Polymers
27.01: Introduction to Synthetic Polymers
27.02: Nomenclature of Synthetic Polymers
27.03: Copolymers
27.04: Polymer Classification by Reaction Type
27.05: Polymer Classification by Mode of Assembly
27.06: Polymer Classification by Structure
27.07: Polymer Classification by Properties
27.08: Polymer Recycling
27.E: Synthetic Polymers (Exercises)