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Human Anatomy

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Human Anatomy

The purpose of this textbook is to serve as a resource for students who are taking a first semester human anatomy course. All efforts were made to ensure the material covered in this resource is consistent, accurate, and accessible. This material was also designed to be equitable, diverse, and inclusive. (Thumbnail Image credit: "Anatomy head - semi profile - close-up of mouth area" by Medical Graphics is licensed under CC BY-ND 4.0)

Anatomy and PhysiologyMedicine
Author
Whitney Menefee, Julie Jenks, Chiara Mazzasette, & Kim-Leiloni Nguyen
Publisher
Reedley College, Butte College, Pasadena City College, & Mt. San Antonio College
Source
LibreTexts
License
CC BY
Language
EN
Read online Download PDF (open licence)
Contents· 158 sections
  1. 01: An Introduction to the Human Body
  2. 1.01: Introduction to the Human Body
  3. 1.02: Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
  4. 1.03: Structural Organization of the Human Body
  5. 1.04: Functions of Human Life
  6. 1.05: Homeostasis
  7. 1.06: Anatomical Terminology
  8. 1.07: Medical Imaging
  9. 02: Cellular Level of Organization
  10. 2.01: Introduction to the Cellular Level of Organization
  11. 2.02: The Cell Membrane
  12. 2.03: The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
  13. 2.04: The Nucleus
  14. 2.05: Cell Growth and Division
  15. 2.06: Cellular Differentiation
  16. 03: Tissue Level of Organization
  17. 3.01: Introduction to the Tissue Level of Organization
  18. 3.02: Types of Tissues
  19. 3.03: Epithelial Tissue
  20. 3.04: Connective Tissue
  21. 3.05: Muscle Tissue
  22. 3.06: Nervous Tissue
  23. 3.07: Tissue Injury and Aging
  24. 04: Integumentary System
  25. 4.01: Introduction to the Integumentary System
  26. 4.02: Layers of the Skin
  27. 4.03: Accessory Structures of the Skin
  28. 4.04: Functions of the Integumentary System
  29. 4.05: Diseases Disorders and Injuries of the Integumentary System
  30. 05: Bone Tissue and Skeletal System
  31. 5.01: Introduction to Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System
  32. 5.02: Functions of the Skeletal System
  33. 5.03: Bone Structure
  34. 5.04: Bone Formation and Development
  35. 5.05: Fractures - Bone Repair
  36. 5.06: Exercise Nutrition Hormones and Bone Tissue
  37. 5.07: Bone Classification
  38. 06: Axial Skeleton
  39. 6.01: Introduction to the Skeleton System
  40. 6.02: Divisions of the Skeletal System
  41. 6.03: The Skull
  42. 6.04: The Vertebral Column
  43. 6.05: The Thoracic Cage
  44. 6.06: Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton
  45. 07: Appendicular Skeleton
  46. 7.01: Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton
  47. 7.02: The Pectoral Girdle
  48. 7.03: Bones of the Upper Limb
  49. 7.04: The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
  50. 7.05: Bones of the Lower Limb
  51. 7.06: Embryonic Development of the Appendicular Skeleton
  52. 08: Joints
  53. 8.01: Introduction
  54. 8.02: Classification of Joints
  55. 8.03: Fibrous Joints
  56. 8.04: Cartilaginous Joints
  57. 8.05: Synovial Joints
  58. 8.06: Types of Body Movements
  59. 8.07: Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
  60. 8.08: Development of Joints
  61. 09: Skeletal Muscle Tissue
  62. 9.01: Introduction to Muscle Tissue
  63. 9.02: Overview of Muscle Tissues
  64. 9.03: Skeletal Muscle
  65. 9.04: Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation
  66. 9.05: Types of Muscle Fibers
  67. 9.06: Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue
  68. 10: Muscular System
  69. 10.01: Introduction to the Muscular System
  70. 10.02: Interactions of Skeletal Muscles Their Fascicle Arrangement and Their Lever Systems
  71. 10.03: Naming Skeletal Muscle
  72. 10.04: Axial Muscles of the Head Neck and Back
  73. 10.05: Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and Thorax
  74. 10.06: Appendicular Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
  75. 10.07: Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
  76. 11: Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
  77. 11.01: Introduction to the Nervous System
  78. 11.02: Organization and Functions of the Nervous System
  79. 11.03: Anatomy of Nervous Tissue
  80. 11.04: Neuronal Communication
  81. 11.05: Development of the Nervous System
  82. 12: Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  83. 12.01: Introduction to the Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  84. 12.02: Support and Protection of the Brain
  85. 12.03: Brain- Cerebrum
  86. 12.04: Brain- Diencephalon Brainstem Cerebellum and Limbic System
  87. 12.05: Cranial Nerves
  88. 12.06: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
  89. 13: Somatic Senses Integration and Motor Responses
  90. 13.01: Introduction to the Somatic Nervous System
  91. 13.02: Touch Taste and Smell
  92. 13.03: Hearing Balance and Vision
  93. 13.04: Integration of Somatic Functions
  94. 13.05: Somatic Motor Responses
  95. 14: Autonomic Nervous System
  96. 14.01: Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System
  97. 14.02: Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
  98. 14.03: Autonomic Synapses Effects and Reflexes
  99. 14.04: Central Control Autonomic Function
  100. 15: Endocrine System
  101. 15.01: Introduction to the Endocrine System
  102. 15.02: An Overview of the Endocrine System
  103. 15.03: Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
  104. 15.04: Thyroid Gland
  105. 15.05: Parathyroid Glands
  106. 15.06: Adrenal Glands
  107. 15.07: Pineal Gland
  108. 15.08: Gonadal and Placental Hormones
  109. 15.09: Endocrine Pancreas
  110. 15.10: Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions
  111. 15.11: Development and Aging of the Endocrine System
  112. 16: Cardiovascular System - Blood
  113. 16.01: Introduction to Blood
  114. 16.02: An Overview of Blood
  115. 16.03: Erythrocytes
  116. 16.04: Leukocytes and Platelets
  117. 16.05: Production of the Formed Elements
  118. 16.06: Blood Typing
  119. 17: Cardiovascular System - Heart
  120. 17.01: Introduction to the Heart
  121. 17.02: Heart Anatomy
  122. 17.03: Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
  123. 17.04: Coronary Circulation
  124. 17.05: Development of the Heart
  125. 18: Cardiovascular System - Blood Vessels and Circulation
  126. 18.01: Introduction to Blood Vessels and Circulation
  127. 18.02: Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
  128. 18.03: Circulatory Pathways
  129. 18.04: Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation
  130. 19: Lymphatic and Immune System
  131. 19.01: Introduction to the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
  132. 19.02: Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
  133. 19.03: Anatomy of Lymphatic Vessels
  134. 19.04: Anatomy of Lymphatic Organs and Tissues
  135. 20: Respiratory System
  136. 20.01: Introduction to the Respiratory System
  137. 20.02: Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
  138. 20.03: The Lungs
  139. 20.04: The Processes of the Respiratory System
  140. 20.05: Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System
  141. 21: Digestive System
  142. 21.01: Introduction to the Digestive System
  143. 21.02: Organs of the Digestive System
  144. 21.03: Digestive System Processes and Regulation
  145. 21.04: Mouth Pharynx and Esophagus
  146. 21.05: Stomach
  147. 21.06: Small and Large Intestines
  148. 21.07: Accessory Organs in Digestion- Liver Pancreas and Gallbladder
  149. 22: Urinary System
  150. 22.01: Introduction to the Urinary System
  151. 22.02: Overview of the Kidney
  152. 22.03: Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
  153. 22.04: Urinary Tract
  154. 23: Reproductive System
  155. 23.01: Introduction to the Reproductive System
  156. 23.02: Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
  157. 23.03: Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
  158. 23.04: Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems