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College Physics

This introductory, algebra-based, two-semester college physics book is grounded with real-world examples, illustrations, and explanations to help students grasp key, fundamental physics concepts.

College Physics Physics

Author: OpenStax
Publisher: LibreTexts
Source: LibreTexts
License: CC BY
Language: EN
Category: Basic Sciences

Read online Download PDF (open licence)

Contents· 346 sections

01: The Nature of Science and Physics
1.00: Prelude to Science and the Realm of Physics Physical Quantities and Units
1.01: Physics- An Introduction
1.02: Physical Quantities and Units
1.03: Accuracy Precision and Significant Figures
1.04: Approximation
1.E: The Nature of Science and Physics (Exercises)
02: Kinematics
2.00: Prelude to One-Dimensional Kinematics
2.01: Displacement
2.02: Vectors Scalars and Coordinate Systems
2.03: Time Velocity and Speed
2.04: Acceleration
2.05: Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension
2.06: Problem-Solving Basics for One-Dimensional Kinematics
2.07: Falling Objects
2.08: Graphical Analysis of One-Dimensional Motion
2.E: Kinematics (Exercises)
03: Two-Dimensional Kinematics
3.00: Prelude to Two-Dimensional Kinematics
3.01: Kinematics in Two Dimensions - An Introduction
3.02: Vector Addition and Subtraction- Graphical Methods
3.03: Vector Addition and Subtraction- Analytical Methods
3.04: Projectile Motion
3.05: Addition of Velocities
3.E: Two-Dimensional Kinematics (Exercises)
04: Dynamics- Force and Newton's Laws of Motion
4.00: Prelude to Dynamics- Newtons Laws of Motion
4.01: Development of Force Concept
4.02: Newtons First Law of Motion - Inertia
4.03: Newtons Second Law of Motion- Concept of a System
4.04: Newtons Third Law of Motion- Symmetry in Forces
4.05: Normal Tension and Other Examples of Forces
4.06: Problem-Solving Strategies
4.07: Further Applications of Newtons Laws of Motion
4.08: Extended Topic- The Four Basic ForcesAn Introduction
4.E: Dynamics- Force and Newton's Laws of Motion (Exercises)
05: Further Applications of Newton's Laws- Friction Drag and Elasticity
5.00: Prelude to Further Applications of Newtons Laws
5.01: Friction
5.02: Drag Forces
5.03: Elasticity - Stress and Strain
5.E: Further Applications of Newton's Laws (Exercises)
06: Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation
6.00: Prelude to Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation
6.01: Rotation Angle and Angular Velocity
6.02: Centripetal Acceleration
6.03: Centripetal Force
6.04: Fictitious Forces and Non-inertial Frames - The Coriolis Force
6.05: Newtons Universal Law of Gravitation
6.06: Satellites and Keplers Laws- An Argument for Simplicity
6.E: Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation (Excercise)
07: Work Energy and Energy Resources
7.00: Prelude to Work Energy and Energy Resources
7.01: Work- The Scientific Definition
7.02: Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem
7.03: Gravitational Potential Energy
7.04: Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
7.05: Nonconservative Forces
7.06: Conservation of Energy
7.07: Power
7.08: Work Energy and Power in Humans
7.09: World Energy Use
7.E: Work Energy and Energy Resources (Exercise)
08: Linear Momentum and Collisions
8.00: Prelude to Linear Momentum and Collisions
8.01: Linear Momentum and Force
8.02: Impulse
8.03: Conservation of Momentum
8.04: Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
8.05: Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension
8.06: Collisions of Point Masses in Two Dimensions
8.07: Introduction to Rocket Propulsion
8.E: Linear Momentum and Collisions (Exercises)
09: Statics and Torque
9.00: Prelude to Statics and Torque
9.01: The First Condition for Equilibrium
9.02: The Second Condition for Equilibrium
9.03: Stability
9.04: Applications of Statics Including Problem-Solving Strategies
9.05: Simple Machines
9.06: Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints
9.E: Statics and Torque (Exercises)
10: Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum
10.00: Prelude to Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum
10.01: Angular Acceleration
10.02: Kinematics of Rotational Motion
10.03: Dynamics of Rotational Motion - Rotational Inertia
10.04: Rotational Kinetic Energy - Work and Energy Revisited
10.05: Angular Momentum and Its Conservation
10.06: Collisions of Extended Bodies in Two Dimensions
10.07: Gyroscopic Effects- Vector Aspects of Angular Momentum
10.E: Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum (Exercises)
11: Fluid Statics
11.00: Prelude to Fluid Statics
11.01: What Is a Fluid
11.02: Density
11.03: Pressure
11.04: Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid
11.05: Pascals Principle
11.06: Gauge Pressure Absolute Pressure and Pressure Measurement
11.07: Archimedes Principle
11.08: Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids - Surface Tension and Capillary Action
11.09: Pressures in the Body
11.E: Fluid Statics (Exercises)
12: Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications
12.00: Prelude to Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications
12.01: Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity
12.02: Bernoullis Equation
12.03: The Most General Applications of Bernoullis Equation
12.04: Viscosity and Laminar Flow Poiseuilles Law
12.05: The Onset of Turbulence
12.06: Motion of an Object in a Viscous Fluid
12.07: Molecular Transport Phenomena- Diffusion Osmosis and Related Processes
12.E: Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications (Exercises)
13: Temperature Kinetic Theory and the Gas Laws
13.00: Prelude to Temperature Kinetic Theory and the Gas Laws
13.01: Temperature
13.02: Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
13.03: The Ideal Gas Law
13.04: Kinetic Theory- Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature
13.05: Phase Changes
13.06: Humidity Evaporation and Boiling
13.E: Temperature, Kinetic Theory, and the Gas Laws (Exercise)
14: Heat and Heat Transfer Methods
14.00: Prelude to Heat and Heat Transfer Methods
14.01: Heat
14.02: Temperature Change and Heat Capacity
14.03: Phase Change and Latent Heat
14.04: Heat Transfer Methods
14.05: Conduction
14.06: Convection
14.07: Radiation
14.E: Heat and Heat Transfer Methods (Exercise)
15: Thermodynamics
15.00: Prelude to Thermodynamics
15.01: The First Law of Thermodynamics
15.02: The First Law of Thermodynamics and Some Simple Processes
15.03: Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics - Heat Engines and their Efficiency
15.04: Carnots Perfect Heat Engine- The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated
15.05: Applications of Thermodynamics- Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
15.06: Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics- Disorder and the Unavailability of Energy
15.07: Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics- The Underlying Explanation
15.E: Heat and Heat Transfer Methods (Exercise)
16: Oscillatory Motion and Waves
16.00: Prelude to Oscillatory Motion and Waves
16.01: Hookes Law - Stress and Strain Revisited
16.02: Period and Frequency in Oscillations
16.03: Simple Harmonic Motion- A Special Periodic Motion
16.04: The Simple Pendulum
16.05: Energy and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
16.06: Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion
16.07: Damped Harmonic Motion
16.08: Forced Oscillations and Resonance
16.09: Waves
16.10: Superposition and Interference
16.11: Energy in Waves- Intensity
16.E: Oscillatory Motion and Waves (Exercises)
17: Physics of Hearing
17.00: Prelude to the Physics of Hearing
17.01: Sound
17.02: Speed of Sound Frequency and Wavelength
17.03: Sound Intensity and Sound Level
17.04: Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms
17.05: Sound Interference and Resonance- Standing Waves in Air Columns
17.06: Hearing
17.07: Ultrasound
17.E: Physics of Hearing (Exercises)
18: Electric Charge and Electric Field
18.00: Prelude to Electric Charge and Electric Field
18.01: Static Electricity and Charge - Conservation of Charge
18.02: Conductors and Insulators
18.03: Coulomb's Law
18.04: Electric Field- Concept of a Field Revisited
18.05: Electric Field Lines- Multiple Charges
18.06: Electric Forces in Biology
18.07: Conductors and Electric Fields in Static Equilibrium
18.08: Applications of Electrostatics
18.E: Electric Charge and Electric Field (Exercises)
19: Electric Potential and Electric Field
19.00: Introduction to Electric Potential and Electric Energy
19.01: Electric Potential Energy- Potential Difference
19.02: Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field
19.03: Electrical Potential Due to a Point Charge
19.04: Equipotential Lines
19.05: Capacitors and Dielectrics
19.06: Capacitors in Series and Parallel
19.07: Energy Stored in Capacitors
19.E: Exercises
20: Electric Current Resistance and Ohm's Law
20.00: Prelude to Electric Current Resistance and Ohm's Law
20.01: Current
20.02: Ohms Law - Resistance and Simple Circuits
20.03: Resistance and Resistivity
20.04: 20.4 Electric Power and Energy
20.05: Alternating Current versus Direct Current
20.06: Electric Hazards and the Human Body
20.07: Nerve ConductionElectrocardiograms
20.E: Heat and Heat Transfer Methods (Exercise)
21: Circuits Bioelectricity and DC Instruments
21.00: Prelude to Circuits and DC Instruments
21.01: Resistors in Series and Parallel
21.02: Electromotive Force - Terminal Voltage
21.03: Kirchhoffs Rules
21.04: DC Voltmeters and Ammeters
21.05: Null Measurements
21.06: DC Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors
21.E: Circuits and DC Instruments (Exercise)
22: Magnetism
22.00: Prelude to Magnetism
22.01: Magnets
22.02: Ferromagnets and Electromagnets
22.03: Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Field Lines
22.04: Magnetic Field Strength- Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field
22.05: Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field- Examples and Applications
22.06: The Hall Effect
22.07: Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
22.08: Torque on a Current Loop - Motors and Meters
22.09: Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents- Amperes Law
22.10: Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors
22.11: More Applications of Magnetism
22.E: Magnetism (Exercises)
23: Electromagnetic Induction AC Circuits and Electrical Technologies
23.00: Prelude to Electromagnetic Induction AC Circuits and Electrical Technologies
23.01: RL Circuits
23.02: Reactance Inductive and Capacitive
23.03: RLC Series AC Circuits
23.04: Induced Emf and Magnetic Flux
23.05: Faradays Law of Induction- Lenzs Law
23.06: Motional Emf
23.07: Eddy Currents and Magnetic Damping
23.08: Electric Generators
23.09: Back Emf
23.10: Transformers
23.11: Electrical Safety - Systems and Devices
23.12: Inductance
23.E: Electromagnetic Induction AC Circuits and Electrical Technologies (Exercise)
24: Electromagnetic Waves
24.00: Prelude to Electromagnetic Waves
24.01: Maxwells Equations- Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed
24.02: Production of Electromagnetic Waves
24.03: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
24.04: Energy in Electromagnetic Waves
24.E: Electromagnetic Waves (Exercises)
25: Geometric Optics
25.00: Prelude to Geometric Optics
25.01: The Ray Aspect of Light
25.02: The Law of Reflection
25.03: The Law of Refraction
25.04: Total Internal Reflection
25.05: Dispersion - Rainbows and Prisms
25.06: Image Formation by Lenses
25.07: Image Formation by Mirrors
25.E: Geometric Optics (Exercises)
26: Vision and Optical Instruments
26.00: Introduction to Vision and Optical Instruments
26.01: Physics of the Eye
26.02: Vision Correction
26.03: Color and Color Vision
26.04: Microscopes
26.05: Telescopes
26.06: Aberrations
26.E: Vision and Optical Instruments (Exercise)
27: Wave Optics
27.00: Introduction to Wave Optics
27.01: The Wave Aspect of Light- Interference
27.02: Huygens's Principle - Diffraction
27.03: Youngs Double Slit Experiment
27.04: Multiple Slit Diffraction
27.05: Single Slit Diffraction
27.06: Limits of Resolution- The Rayleigh Criterion
27.07: Thin Film Interference
27.08: Polarization
27.09: Microscopy Enhanced by the Wave Characteristics of Light
27.E: Vision and Optical Instruments (Exercise)
28: Special Relativity
28.00: Prelude to Special Relativity
28.01: Einsteins Postulates
28.02: Simultaneity and Time Dilation
28.03: Length Contraction
28.04: Relativistic Addition of Velocities
28.05: Relativistic Momentum
28.06: Relativistic Energy
28.E: Special Relativity (Exercise)
29: Introduction to Quantum Physics
29.00: Prelude to Quantum Physics
29.01: Quantization of Energy
29.02: The Photoelectric Effect
29.03: Photon Energies and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
29.04: Photon Momentum
29.05: The Particle-Wave Duality of Light
29.06: The Wave Nature of Matter
29.07: Probability and The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
29.08: The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed
29.E: Introduction to Quantum Physics (Exercise)
30: Atomic Physics
30.00: Prelude to Atomic Physics
30.01: Discovery of the Atom
30.02: Discovery of the Parts of the Atom - Electrons and Nuclei
30.03: Bohrs Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
30.04: X Rays- Atomic Origins and Applications
30.05: Applications of Atomic Excitations and De-Excitations
30.06: The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization
30.07: Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization
30.08: Quantum Numbers and Rules
30.09: The Pauli Exclusion Principle
30.E: Atomic Physics (Exercises)
31: Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics
31.00: Prelude to Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics
31.01: Nuclear Radioactivity
31.02: Radiation Detection and Detectors
31.03: Substructure of the Nucleus
31.04: Nuclear Decay and Conservation Laws
31.05: Half-Life and Activity
31.06: Binding Energy
31.07: Tunneling
31.E: Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics (Exercises)
32: Medical Applications of Nuclear Physics
32.00: Prelude to Applications of Nuclear Physics
32.01: Medical Imaging and Diagnostics
32.02: Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
32.03: Therapeutic Uses of Ionizing Radiation
32.04: Food Irradiation
32.05: Fusion
32.06: Fission
32.07: Nuclear Weapons
32.E: Medical Applications of Nuclear Physics (Exercises)
33: Particle Physics
33.00: Prelude to Particle Physics
33.01: The Yukawa Particle and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Revisited
33.02: The Four Basic Forces
33.03: Accelerators Create Matter from Energy
33.04: Particles Patterns and Conservation Laws
33.05: Quarks - Is That All There Is
33.06: GUTs - The Unification of Forces
33.E: Particle Physics (Exercise)
34: Frontiers of Physics
34.00: Prelude to Frontiers of Physics
34.01: Cosmology and Particle Physics
34.02: General Relativity and Quantum Gravity
34.03: Superstrings
34.04: Dark Matter and Closure
34.05: Complexity and Chaos
34.06: High-temperature Superconductors
34.07: Some Questions We Know to Ask
34.E: Frontiers of Physics (Exercises)