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Chemistry 143 - Introductory Chemistry (Bunag)

Chemistry

Publisher: LibreTexts
Source: LibreTexts
Language: EN
Category: Basic Sciences

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Contents· 290 sections

01: Introduction to Chemistry
1.01: Defining Chemistry
1.02: History of Chemistry
1.03: Areas of Chemistry
1.04: Pure and Applied Chemistry
1.05: Energy in Chemistry
1.06: Medicine
1.07: Agriculture
1.08: Materials
1.09: Chemistry and the Environment
1.10: Alchemy
1.11: Nature of Science
1.12: Scientific Problem Solving
02: Measurements
2.01: SI Base Units
2.02: Metric Prefixes
2.03: Scientific Notation in Chemistry
2.04: SI Length and Volume Units
2.05: SI Mass and Weight Units
2.06: SI Kinetic Energy Units
2.07: Temperature and Temperature Scales
2.08: Scientific Dimensional Analysis
2.09: Metric Unit Conversions
2.10: Derived Units
2.11: Density
2.12: Accuracy and Precision
2.13: Percent Error
2.14: Measurement Uncertainty
2.15: Significant Figures
2.16: Rounding
2.17: Uncertainty in Multiplication and Division
2.18: Uncertainty in Addition and Subtraction
2.19: Measurements and Problem-Solving (Exercises)
03: Matter and Change
3.01: Substances
3.02: Physical Properties
3.03: Extensive and Intensive Properties
3.04: Solid Liquid and Gas
3.05: Physical Change
3.06: Homogeneous Mixture
3.07: Heterogeneous Mixtures
3.08: Methods for Separating Mixtures
3.09: Elements
3.10: Compounds
3.11: Chemical Change
3.12: Chemical Symbols and Formulas
3.13: Chemical Properties and Chemical Reactions
3.14: Reactants and Products
3.15: Recognizing Chemical Reactions
04: Atomic Structure
4.01: Democritus' Idea of the Atom
4.02: Conservation of Mass
4.03: Law of Definite Proportions
4.04: Law of Multiple Proportions
4.05: Mass Ratio Calculation
4.06: Dalton's Atomic Theory
4.07: Cathode Ray Tube
4.08: Electrons
4.09: Oil Drop Experiment
4.10: Protons
4.11: Neutrons
4.12: Thomson's Atomic Model
4.13: Rutherford's Atomic Model
4.14: Atomic Nucleus
4.15: Atomic Number
4.16: Mass Number
4.17: Isotopes
4.18: Atomic Mass Unit
4.19: Calculating Atomic Mass
4.20: Atomic Structure Practice
05: Electrons in Atoms
5.01: Properties of Light
5.02: Atomic Emission Spectra
5.03: Bohr's Atomic Model
5.04: Spectral Lines of Atomic Hydrogen
5.05: Quantum Mechanical Atomic Model
5.06: Quantum Numbers
5.07: Orbitals
5.08: Aufbau Principle
5.09: Pauli Exclusion Principle
5.10: Electron Configurations
5.11: Valence Electrons
5.12: Noble Gas Configuration
5.13: Hund's Rule and Orbital Filling Diagrams
06: The Periodic Table
6.01: Early History of the Periodic Table
6.02: Mendeleev's Periodic Table
6.03: Periodic Law
6.04: Modern Periodic Table- Periods and Groups
6.05: Metals
6.06: Nonmetals
6.07: Metalloids
6.08: Blocks of the Periodic Table
6.09: Hydrogen and Alkali Metals
6.10: Alkaline Earth Metals
6.11: Noble Gases
6.12: Halogens
6.13: Transition Elements
6.14: Periodic Trends- Atomic Radius
6.15: Periodic Trends- Ionization Energy
6.16: Ionic Radii
6.17: Metallic and Nonmetallic Character
07: Chemical Nomenclature
7.01: Molecular Formula
7.02: Empirical Formula
7.03: Cations
7.04: Anions
7.05: Transition Metal Ions
7.06: Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
7.07: Stock System Naming
7.08: Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds
7.09: Polyatomic Ions
7.10: Names and Formulas of Ternary Ionic Compounds
7.11: Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
7.12: Naming Acids
7.13: Names and Formulas of Bases
08: Ionic Bonding
8.01: Electron Dot Diagrams
8.02: Octet Rule
8.03: Cation Formation
8.04: Anion Formation
8.05: Transition Metal Ion Formation
8.06: Ionic Bonding
8.07: Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds
8.08: Metallic Bonding
09: Covalent Bonding
9.01: Energy and Covalent Bond Formation
9.02: Lewis Electron-Dot Structures
9.03: Single Covalent Bonds
9.04: Multiple Covalent Bonds
9.05: Coordinate Covalent Bond
9.06: Covalent Bonding in Polyatomic Ions
9.07: Resonance
9.08: Exceptions to the Octet Rule
9.09: Bond Energy
9.10: VSEPR Theory
9.11: Molecular Shapes- No Lone Pairs on Central Atoms
9.12: Molecular Shapes - Lone Pair(s) on Central Atom
9.13: Periodic Trends- Electronegativity
9.14: Bond Polarity
9.15: Polar Molecules
9.16: Van der Waals Forces
9.17: Hydrogen Bonding
10: Chemical Reactions
10.01: Word Equations
10.02: Chemical Equations
10.03: Balancing Equations
10.04: Combination Reactions
10.05: Decomposition Reactions
10.06: Combustion Reactions
10.07: Single Replacement Reactions
10.08: Double Replacement Reactions
10.09: Molecular and Ionic Equations
10.10: Net Ionic Equations
10.11: Predicting Precipitates Using Solubility Rules
10.12: Redox Reactions and Ionic Compounds
10.13: Identifying Reaction Types
11: The Mole
11.01: Avogadro's Number
11.02: Conversions Between Moles and Atoms
11.03: Molar Mass
11.04: Conversions Between Moles and Mass
11.05: Conversions Between Mass and Number of Particles
11.06: Percent Composition
11.07: Percent of Water in a Hydrate
11.08: Determining Empirical Formulas
11.09: Determining Molecular Formulas
11.10: Avogadro's Hypothesis and Molar Volume
12: Stoichiometry
12.01: Everyday Stoichiometry
12.02: Mole Ratios
12.03: Mass-Mole and Mole-Mass Stoichiometry
12.04: Mass-Mass Stoichiometry
12.05: Limiting Reactant
12.06: Determining the Limiting Reactant
12.07: Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield
13: The Behavior of Gases
13.01: Compressibility
13.02: Factors Affecting Gas Pressure
13.03: Boyle's Law
13.04: Charles's Law
13.05: Gay-Lussac's Law
13.06: Combined Gas Law
13.07: Avogadro's Law
13.08: Ideal Gas Law
13.09: Calculating the Molar Mass of a Gas
13.10: Gas Stoichiometry
13.11: Real and Ideal Gases
13.12: Mole Fraction
13.13: Gas Collection by Water Displacement
13.14: Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
13.15: Diffusion and Effusion and Graham's Law
13.16: Conversions Between Moles and Gas Volume
13.17: Gas Density
13.18: Volume-Volume Stoichiometry
13.19: Mass-Volume and Volume-Mass Stoichiometry
13.20: Mole Road Map
14: Thermochemistry
14.01: Chemical Potential Energy
14.02: Heat
14.03: Exothermic and Endothermic Processes
14.04: Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
14.05: Specific Heat Calculations
14.06: Enthalpy
14.07: Calorimetry
14.08: Thermochemical Equations
14.09: Stoichiometric Calculations and Enthalpy Changes
14.10: Heats of Fusion and Solidification
14.11: Heats of Vaporization and Condensation
14.12: Multi-Step Problems with Changes of State
15: Water
15.01: Structure of Water
15.02: Structure of Ice
15.03: Physical Properties of Water
15.04: Solute and Solvent
15.05: Dissolving Process
15.06: Liquid-Liquid Solutions
15.07: Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
15.08: Dissociation
15.09: Strong and Weak Electrolytes
15.10: Suspensions
15.11: Colloids
16: Solutions
16.01: Solute-Solvent Combinations
16.02: Rate of Dissolution
16.03: Saturated and Unsaturated Solutions
16.04: How Temperature Influences Solubility
16.05: Supersaturated Solutions
16.06: Henry's Law
16.07: Percent Solutions
16.08: Molarity
16.09: Solution Stoichiometry
16.10: Preparing Solutions
16.11: Dilution
16.12: Molality
16.13: The Lowering of Vapor Pressure
16.14: Freezing Point Depression
16.15: Boiling Point Elevation
16.16: Electrolytes and Colligative Properties
16.17: Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
16.18: Calculating Molar Mass
16.19: Stoichiometry Map
17: Equilibrium
17.01: Reversible Reaction
17.02: Chemical Equilibrium
17.03: Equilibrium Constant
17.04: Calculations with Equilibrium Constants
17.05: Le Chatelier's Principle
17.06: Effect of Concentration
17.07: Effect of Temperature
17.08: Effect of Pressure
17.09: Nonreversible Reactions
17.10: Le Chatelier's Principle and the Equilibrium Constant
18: Acids and Bases
18.01: Properties of Acids
18.02: Properties of Bases
18.03: Arrhenius Acids
18.04: Arrhenius Bases
18.05: Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
18.06: Brnsted-Lowry Acid-Base Reactions
18.07: Lewis Acids and Bases
18.08: Ion-Product of Water
18.09: The pH Scale
18.10: Calculating pH of Acids and Bases
18.11: The pOH Concept
18.12: Strong and Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constant (left( K texta right))
18.13: Strong and Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constant
18.14: Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
18.15: Calculating (K texta) and (K textb)
18.16: Calculating pH of Weak Acid and Base Solutions
18.17: Neutralization Reaction and Net Ionic Equations for Neutralization Reactions
18.18: Titration Experiment
18.19: Titration Calculations
18.20: Titration Curves
18.21: Indicators
18.22: Hydrolysis of Salts- Equations
18.23: Buffers
19: Nuclear Chemistry
19.01: Discovery of Radioactivity
19.02: Nuclear Decay Processes
19.03: Detection of Radioactivity
19.04: Half-Life
19.05: Background Radiation
19.06: Nuclear Fission Processes
19.07: Nuclear Power Generation
19.08: Nuclear Fusion
19.09: Penetrating Ability of Emissions
19.10: Effects of Radiation
19.11: Radioisotopes in Medical Diagnosis and Treatment
19.12: PET Scans