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Chemistry 2e (OpenStax)

This text follow a systematic study of fundamental chemical and physical principles and their application to the properties of matter, including atomic structure, molecular structure and bonding, periodic trends in the properties of the elements, gas laws, solution properties, and quantitative relationships involving chemical reactions.

Chemistry

Author: Flowers, Theopold, and Langley
Publisher: OpenStax
Source: LibreTexts
License: CC BY
Language: EN
Category: Accounting & Auditing

Read online Download PDF (open licence)

Contents· 273 sections

01: Essential Ideas
1.01: Introduction
1.02: Chemistry in Context
1.03: Phases and Classification of Matter
1.04: Physical and Chemical Properties
1.05: Measurements
1.06: Measurement Uncertainty Accuracy and Precision
1.07: Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
1.08: Key Terms
1.09: Key Equations
1.10: Summary
1.11: Exercises
02: Atoms Molecules and Ions
2.01: Introduction
2.02: Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
2.03: Evolution of Atomic Theory
2.04: Atomic Structure and Symbolism
2.05: Chemical Formulas
2.06: The Periodic Table
2.07: Molecular and Ionic Compounds
2.08: Chemical Nomenclature
2.09: Key Terms
2.10: Key Equations
2.11: Summary
2.12: Exercises
03: Composition of Substances and Solutions
3.01: Introduction
3.02: Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
3.03: Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
3.04: Molarity
3.05: Other Units for Solution Concentrations
3.06: Key Terms
3.07: Key Equations
3.08: Summary
3.09: Exercises
04: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
4.01: Introduction
4.02: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
4.03: Classifying Chemical Reactions
4.04: Reaction Stoichiometry
4.05: Reaction Yields
4.06: Quantitative Chemical Analysis
4.07: Key Terms
4.08: Key Equations
4.09: Summary
4.10: Exercises
05: Thermochemistry
5.01: Introduction
5.02: Energy Basics
5.03: Calorimetry
5.04: Enthalpy
5.05: Key Terms
5.06: Key Equations
5.07: Summary
5.08: Exercises
06: Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties
6.01: Introduction
6.02: Electromagnetic Energy
6.03: The Bohr Model
6.04: Development of Quantum Theory
6.05: Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
6.06: Periodic Variations in Element Properties
6.07: Key Terms
6.08: Key Equations
6.09: Summary
6.10: Exercises
07: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
7.01: Introduction
7.02: Ionic Bonding
7.03: Covalent Bonding
7.04: Lewis Symbols and Structures
7.05: Formal Charges and Resonance
7.06: Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
7.07: Molecular Structure and Polarity
7.08: Key Terms
7.09: Key Equations
7.10: Summary
7.11: Exercises
08: Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding
8.01: Introduction
8.02: Valence Bond Theory
8.03: Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
8.04: Multiple Bonds
8.05: Molecular Orbital Theory
8.06: Key Terms
8.07: Key Equations
8.08: Summary
8.09: Exercises
09: Gases
9.01: Introduction
9.02: Gas Pressure
9.03: Relating Pressure Volume Amount and Temperature - The Ideal Gas Law
9.04: Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances Mixtures and Reactions
9.05: Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
9.06: The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
9.07: Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
9.08: Key Terms
9.09: Key Equations
9.10: Summary
9.11: Exercises
10: Liquids and Solids
10.01: Introduction
10.02: Intermolecular Forces
10.03: Properties of Liquids
10.04: Phase Transitions
10.05: Phase Diagrams
10.06: The Solid State of Matter
10.07: Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
10.08: Key Terms
10.09: Key Equations
10.10: Summary
10.11: Exercises
11: Solutions and Colloids
11.01: Introduction
11.02: The Dissolution Process
11.03: Electrolytes
11.04: Solubility
11.05: Colligative Properties
11.06: Colloids
11.07: Key Terms
11.08: Key Equations
11.09: Summary
11.10: Exercises
12: Kinetics
12.01: Introduction
12.02: Chemical Reaction Rates
12.03: Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
12.04: Rate Laws
12.05: Integrated Rate Laws
12.06: Collision Theory
12.07: Reaction Mechanisms
12.08: Catalysis
12.09: Key Terms
12.10: Key Equations
12.11: Summary
12.12: Exercises
13: Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
13.01: Introduction
13.02: Chemical Equilibria
13.03: Equilibrium Constants
13.04: Shifting Equilibria - Le Chateliers Principle
13.05: Equilibrium Calculations
13.06: Key Terms
13.07: Key Equations
13.08: Summary
13.09: Exercises
14: Acid-Base Equilibria
14.01: Introduction
14.02: Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
14.03: pH and pOH
14.04: Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
14.05: Hydrolysis of Salt Solutions
14.06: Polyprotic Acids
14.07: Buffers
14.08: Acid-Base Titrations
14.09: Key Terms
14.10: Key Equations
14.11: Summary
14.12: Exercises
15: Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes
15.01: Introduction
15.02: Precipitation and Dissolution
15.03: Lewis Acids and Bases
15.04: Coupled Equilibria
15.05: Key Terms
15.06: Key Equations
15.07: Summary
15.08: Exercises
16: Thermodynamics
16.01: Introduction
16.02: Spontaneity
16.03: Entropy
16.04: The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
16.05: Free Energy
16.06: Key Terms
16.07: Key Equations
16.08: Summary
16.09: Exercises
17: Electrochemistry
17.01: Introduction
17.02: Review of Redox Chemistry
17.03: Galvanic Cells
17.04: Electrode and Cell Potentials
17.05: Potential Free Energy and Equilibrium
17.06: Batteries and Fuel Cells
17.07: Corrosion
17.08: Electrolysis
17.09: Key Terms
17.10: Key Equations
17.11: Summary
17.12: Exercises
18: Representative Metals Metalloids and Nonmetals
18.01: Introduction
18.02: Periodicity
18.03: Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
18.04: Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
18.05: Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
18.06: Occurrence Preparation and Compounds of Hydrogen
18.07: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Carbonates
18.08: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Nitrogen
18.09: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Phosphorus
18.10: Occurrence Preparation and Compounds of Oxygen
18.11: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Sulfur
18.12: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Halogens
18.13: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of the Noble Gases
18.14: Key Terms
18.15: Summary
18.16: Exercises
19: Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
19.01: Introduction
19.02: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
19.03: Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
19.04: Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
19.05: Key Terms
19.06: Summary
19.07: Exercises
20: Organic Chemistry
20.01: Introduction
20.02: Hydrocarbons
20.03: Alcohols and Ethers
20.04: Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic Acids and Esters
20.05: Amines and Amides
20.06: Key Terms
20.07: Summary
20.08: Exercises
21: Nuclear Chemistry
21.01: Introduction
21.02: Nuclear Structure and Stability
21.03: Nuclear Equations
21.04: Radioactive Decay
21.05: Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
21.06: Uses of Radioisotopes
21.07: Biological Effects of Radiation
21.08: Key Terms
21.09: Key Equations
21.10: Summary
21.11: Exercises
22: Appendices
22.01: The Periodic Table
22.02: Essential Mathematics
22.03: Units and Conversion Factors
22.04: Fundamental Physical Constants
22.05: Water Properties
22.06: Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases
22.07: Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
22.08: Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
22.09: Ionization Constants of Weak Bases
22.10: Solubility Products
22.11: Formation Constants for Complex Ions
22.12: Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
22.13: Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes
22.14: Answer Key
22.14.01: Chapter 1
22.14.02: Chapter 2
22.14.03: Chapter 3
22.14.04: Chapter 4
22.14.05: Chapter 5
22.14.06: Chapter 6
22.14.07: Chapter 7
22.14.08: Chapter 8
22.14.09: Chapter 9
22.14.10: Chapter 10
22.14.11: Chapter 11
22.14.12: Chapter 12
22.14.13: Chapter 13
22.14.14: Chapter 14
22.14.15: Chapter 15
22.14.16: Chapter 16
22.14.17: Chapter 17
22.14.18: Chapter 18
22.14.19: Chapter 19
22.14.20: Chapter 20
22.14.21: Chapter 21