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ASTR 110: Astronomy

Physics

Author: John Fitzgerald
Publisher: Grossmont College
Source: LibreTexts
Language: EN
Category: Basic Sciences

Read online Download PDF (open licence)

Contents· 203 sections

01: Earth Cycles Moon Cycles and Sky Information
1.01: Earth and Sky
1.02: The Seasons
1.03: Keeping Time
1.04: The Calendar
1.05: The Sky Above
1.06: Phases and Motions of the Moon
1.07: Ocean Tides and the Moon
1.08: Eclipses of the Sun and Moon
1.E: Earth Moon and Sky (Exercise)
02: History of Astronomy
2.01: Ancient Astronomy
2.02: Astrology vs. Astronomy
2.03: The Birth of Modern Astronomy
2.04: The Laws of Planetary Motion
2.05: Newtons Great Synthesis
2.06: Newtons Universal Law of Gravitation
2.07: Orbits in the Solar System
2.08: Motions of Satellites and Spacecraft
2.09: Gravity with More Than Two Bodies
2.10: Observing the Sky - The Birth of Astronomy (Exercise)
03: Radiation and Spectra
3.01: The Behavior of Light
3.02: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
3.03: Spectroscopy in Astronomy
3.04: The Structure of the Atom
3.05: Formation of Spectral Lines
3.06: The Doppler Effect
3.07: Telescopes
3.08: Telescopes Today
3.09: Visible-Light Detectors and Instruments
3.10: Radio Telescopes
3.11: Observations outside Earth's Atmosphere
3.12: The Future of Large Telescopes
3.13: Radiation Spectra and Astronomical Instruments (Exercises)
04: Introduction to the Solar System and Its Formation
4.01: Overview of Our Planetary System
4.02: Compostion and Structure of Planets
4.03: Dating Planetary Surfaces
4.04: Planetary Evolution
4.05: Origin of the Solar System
4.06: Formation of the Solar System
4.07: Other Worlds - An Introduction to the Solar System (Exercises)
05: Exoplanets
5.01: Comparison with Other Planetary Systems
5.02: Planets beyond the Solar System- Search and Discovery
5.03: Exoplanets Everywhere - What we are Learning
5.04: New Perspectives on Planet Formation
5.05: Exoplanets (Exercises)
06: The Terrestrial Planets and their moons
6.01: The Global Perspective
6.02: Earth's Crust
6.03: Earth's Atmosphere
6.04: Life Chemical Evolution and Climate Change
6.05: Cosmic Influences on the Evolution of Earth
6.06: General Properties of the Moon
6.07: The Lunar Surface
6.08: Impact Craters
6.09: The Origin of the Moon
6.10: Mercury
6.11: The Nearest Planets - An Overview
6.12: The Geology of Venus
6.13: The Massive Atmosphere of Venus
6.14: The Geology of Mars
6.15: Water and Life on Mars
6.16: Divergent Planetary Evolution
6.17: Earth and Impacts (Exercises)
6.18: Cratered Worlds (Exercises)
6.19: Earthlike Planets - Venus and Mars (Exercises)
07: The JSUN Planets their moons rings and Pluto
7.01: Exploring the Outer Planets
7.02: The Giant Planets
7.03: Atmosphere of the Giant Planets
7.04: Ring and Moon Systems Introduced
7.05: The Gailean Moons of Jupiter
7.06: Titan and Triton
7.07: Pluto and Charon
7.08: Planetary Rings
7.09: The Giant Planets (Exercises)
7.10: Rings Moons and Pluto (Exercises)
08: Comets Asteroids and Meteors - The Leftovers of the Solar System
8.01: Asteroids
8.02: Asteroids and Planetary Defense
8.03: The Long-Haired Comets
8.04: The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
8.05: Meteors
8.06: Meteorites - Stones from Heaven
8.E: Comets and Asteroids - Debris of the Solar System (Exercises)
09: The Sun
9.01: The Structure and Composition of the Sun
9.02: The Solar Cycle
9.03: Solar Activity above the Photosphere
9.04: Space Weather
9.05: Sources of Sunshine- Thermal and Gravitational Energy
9.06: Mass Energy and the Theory of Relativity
9.07: The Solar Interior - Theory
9.08: The Solar Interior - Observations
9.09: The Sun- A Garden-Variety Star (Exercises)
9.10: The Sun- A Nuclear Powerhouse (Exercises)
10: Nature of Stars
10.01: The Brightness of Stars
10.02: Colors of Stars
10.03: The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs)
10.04: Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius Composition and Motion
10.05: Measuring Stellar Masses Part 1
10.06: Measuring Stellar Masses Part 2
10.07: Diameters of Stars
10.08: The H-R Diagram
10.09: Fundamental Units of Distance
10.10: Surveying the Stars
10.11: Variable Stars- One Key to Cosmic Distances
10.12: The H-R and Cosmic Distances
10.13: Analyzing Starlight (Exercises)
10.14: The Stars - A Celestial Census (Exercises)
10.15: Celestial Distances (Exercises)
11: Birth of Stars to Main Sequence Stage
11.01: The Interstellar Medium
11.02: Interstellar Gas
11.03: Cosmic Dust
11.04: Cosmic Rays
11.05: The Life Cycle of Cosmic Material
11.06: Interstellar Matter around the Sun
11.07: Star Formation
11.08: The H-R and the Study of Stellar Evolution
11.09: Evidence That Planets Form around Other Stars
11.10: Evolution from the Main Sequence to Red Giants
11.11: Star Clusters
11.12: Checking Out the Theory
11.13: Further Evolution of Stars
11.14: The Evolution of More Massive Stars
11.15: Between the Stars - Gas and Dust in Space (Exercises)
11.16: The Birth of Stars and the Discovery of Planets outside the Solar System (Exercises)
11.17: Stars from Adolescence to Old Age (Exercise)
12: The Death of Stars
12.01: The Death of Low-Mass Stars
12.02: Evolution of Massive Stars- An Explosive Finish
12.03: Supernova Observations
12.04: Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars
12.05: The Evolution of Binary Star Systems
12.06: The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
12.07: Introducing General Relativity
12.08: Spacetime and Gravity
12.09: Tests of General Relativity
12.10: Time in General Relativity
12.11: Black Holes
12.12: Evidence for Black Holes
12.13: Gravitational Wave Astronomy
12.14: The Death of Stars (References)
12.15: The Death of Stars (Exercises)
12.16: Black Holes and Curved Spacetime (Exercises)
13: Galaxies
13.01: The Architecture of the Galaxy
13.02: Spiral Structure
13.03: The Mass of the Galaxy
13.04: The Center of the Galaxy
13.05: Stellar Populations in the Galaxy
13.06: The Formation of the Galaxy
13.07: The Discovery of Galaxies
13.08: Types of Galaxies
13.09: Properties of Galaxies
13.10: The Extragalactic Distance Scale
13.11: The Expanding Universe
13.12: Quasars
13.13: Supermassive Black Holes- What Quasars really are
13.14: Quasars as Probes of Evolution in the Universe
13.15: Observations of Distant Galaxies
13.16: Galaxy Mergers and Active Galactic Nuclei
13.17: The Distribution of Galaxies in Space
13.18: The Challenge of Dark Matter
13.19: The Formation and Evolution of Galaxies and Structure in the Universe
13.20: The Milky Way Galaxy (Exercises)
13.21: Galaxies (Exercises)
13.22: Active Galaxies Quasars and Supermassive Black Holes (Exercises)
13.23: The Evolution and Distribution of Galaxies (Exercises)
14: The Big Bang
14.01: The Age of the Universe
14.02: A Model of the Universe
14.03: The Beginning of the Universe
14.04: The Cosmic Microwave Background
14.05: What Is the Universe Really Made Of
14.06: The Inflationary Universe
14.07: The Anthropic Principle
14.E: The Big Bang (Exercises)
15: Life in the Universe
15.01: The Cosmic Context for Life
15.02: Astrobiology
15.03: Searching for Life beyond Earth
15.04: The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
15.05: Life in the Universe (Exercises)
16: Appendices
16.01: How to Study for an Introductory Astronomy Class (Appendix A)
16.02: Astronomy Websites Images and Apps (Appendix B)
16.03: Scientific Notation (Appendix C)
16.04: Units Used in Science (Appendix D)
16.05: Some Useful Constants for Astronomy (Appendix E)
16.06: Physical and Orbital Data for the Planets (Appendix F)
16.07: Selected Moons of the Planets (Appendix G)
16.08: Future Total Eclipses (Appendix H)
16.09: The Nearest Stars Brown Dwarfs and White Dwarfs (Appendix I)
16.10: The Brightest Twenty Stars (Appendix J)
16.11: The Chemical Elements (Appendix K)
16.12: The Constellations (Appendix L)
16.13: Star Chart and Sky Event Resources Index (Appendix M)