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Chemistry II

Chemistry

Author: David Karlin
Publisher: Williams School
Source: LibreTexts
License: CC BY-NC-SA
Language: EN
Category: Basic Sciences

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Contents· 154 sections

01: Introduction to Organic Chemistry
1.01: Why Is Organic Chemistry Special
1.02: sp Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Methane
1.03: sp Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Ethylene
1.04: sp Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Acetylene
1.05: Hybridization of Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus and Sulfur
1.06: Lone Pair Electrons and Bonding Theories
1.07: A Review of Isomerism
1.08: Enantiomers and the Tetrahedral Carbon
1.09: Polar Covalent Bonds - Dipole Moments
1.10: Organic Acids and Organic Bases
1.11: Noncovalent Interactions Between Molecules
02: Organic Compounds- Alkanes and Their Stereochemistry
2.01: Functional Groups
2.02: Alkanes and Alkane Isomers
2.03: Alkyl Groups
2.04: Naming Alkanes
2.05: Properties of Alkanes
2.06: Conformations of Ethane
2.07: Conformations of Other Alkanes
2.08: Gasoline - A Deeper Look
2.S: Organic Compounds- Alkanes and Their Stereochemistry (Summary)
03: Stereochemistry at Tetrahedral Centers
3.01: Enantiomers and the Tetrahedral Carbon
3.02: The Reason for Handedness in Molecules - Chirality
3.03: Optical Activity
3.04: Pasteur's Discovery of Enantiomers
3.05: Sequence Rules for Specifying Configuration
3.06: Diastereomers
3.07: Racemic Mixtures and the Resolution of Enantiomers
3.08: Chirality in Nature and Chiral Environments
3.09: A Review of Isomerism
3.S: Stereochemistry at Tetrahedral Centers (Summary)
04: Organic Functional Groups
4.01: Organic Functional Groups
4.02: Generic (Abbreviated) Structures (aka R Groups)
4.03: Overview of the IUPAC Naming Strategy
4.04: Alkanes
4.05: Alkenes
4.06: Alcohols - Classification and Nomenclature
4.07: Ethers Epoxides and Sulfides
4.08: Aldehydes and Ketones
4.09: Amines - Classification and Nomenclature
4.10: Benzene and its Derivatives
4.11: Carboxylic Acids
05: An Overview of Organic Reactions
5.01: Kinds of Organic Reactions
5.02: How Organic Reactions Occur - Mechanisms
5.03: Radical Reactions
5.04: Polar Reactions
5.05: An Example of a Polar Reaction - Addition of HBr to Ethylene
5.06: Using Curved Arrows in Polar Reaction Mechanisms
5.07: Describing a Reaction - Equilibria Rates and Energy Changes
5.08: Describing a Reaction - Bond Dissociation Energies
5.09: Describing a Reaction - Energy Diagrams and Transition States
5.10: Describing a Reaction- Intermediates
5.11: A Comparison between Biological Reactions and Laboratory Reactions
5.12: Chapter Objectives
5.S: An Overview of Organic Reactions (Summary)
06: Biomolecules- Carbohydrates
6.01: Introduction
6.02: Classification of Carbohydrates
6.03: Depicting Carbohydrate Stereochemistry - Fischer Projections
6.04: D L Sugars
6.05: Configurations of Aldoses
6.06: Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides- Anomers
6.07: Reactions of Monosaccharides
6.08: The Eight Essential Monosaccharides
6.09: Disaccharides
6.10: Polysaccharides and Their Synthesis
6.11: Other Important Carbohydrates
6.12: Cell-Surface Carbohydrates and Influenza Viruses
6.S: Biomolecules- Carbohydrates (Summary)
07: Biomolecules- Amino Acids Peptides and Proteins
7.01: Introduction
7.02: Structures of Amino Acids
7.03: Amino Acids the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation and Isoelectric Points
7.04: Synthesis of Amino Acids
7.05: Peptides and Proteins
7.06: Peptide Synthesis
7.07: Protein Structure
7.08: Enzymes and Coenzymes
7.09: How do Enzymes Work Citrate Synthase
7.10: Chapter Objectives
7.11: Amino Acid Analysis of Peptides
7.12: The Edman Degradation
7.13: The Merrifield Solid-Phase Technique
08: Biomolecules - Lipids
8.01: Introduction to Lipids
8.02: Waxes Fats and Oils
8.03: Soap
8.04: Phospholipids
8.05: Terpenoids
8.06: Steroids
8.07: Biosynthesis of Steroids
8.08: Prostaglandins and Other Eicosanoids
8.S: Biomolecules - Lipids (Summary)
09: Biomolecules - Nucleic Acids
9.01: Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
9.02: Base Pairing in DNA - The Watson-Crick Model
9.03: Replication of DNA
9.04: Transcription of DNA
9.05: Translation of RNA - Protein Biosynthesis
9.06: DNA Sequencing
9.07: DNA Synthesis
9.08: The Polymerase Chain Reaction
10: Synthetic Polymers
10.01: Chain-Growth Polymers
10.02: Stereochemistry of Polymerization- Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
10.03: Copolymers
10.04: Step-Growth Polymers
10.05: Olefin Metathesis Polymerization
10.06: Polymer Structure and Physical Properties
10.07: Plastics and the Environment
10.08: Biodegradable Plastics
11: Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry
11.01: Hard and Soft Acids and Bases
11.02: Prelude to Redox Stability and Redox Reactions
11.03: Electrochemical Potentials
12: Ionic and Covalent Solids - Structures
12.01: Prelude to Ionic and Covalent Solids - Structures
12.02: Close-packing and Interstitial Sites
12.03: Structures Related to NaCl and NiAs
12.04: Tetrahedral Structures
12.05: Layered Structures and Intercalation Reactions
13: Crystallography
13.01: Unit Cells and Crystal Structures
13.02: Crystal Structures of Metals
13.03: Bragg's Law
13.04: X-ray Diffraction
14: Metals and Alloys
14.01: Bonding in Metals
14.02: Defects in Metallic Crystals
14.03: Work Hardening Alloying and Annealing
14.04: Malleability of Metals and Alloys
14.05: Iron and Steel
14.06: Amorphous Alloys
15: Conductivity and Magnetism
15.01: Conduction in Metals
15.02: Semiconductors- Band Gaps Colors Conductivity and Doping
15.03: Semiconductor p-n Junctions
15.04: Diodes LEDs and Solar Cells
15.05: Atomic Orbitals and Magnetism
15.06: Ferro- Ferri- and Antiferromagnetism
16: Basic Science of Nanomaterials
16.01: Nanoscale Metal Particles
16.02: Semiconductor Quantum Dots
16.03: Synthesis of Semiconductor Nanocrystals
16.04: Surface Energy
16.05: Carbon Nanomaterials
16.06: Transmission Electron Microscopy
16.07: Scanning Probe Microscopy - STM and AFM
16.08: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
16.09: Atomic Force Microscopy