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Food and the Future Environment

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Food and the Future Environment

The Future of Food is an introductory-level science course that emphasizes the challenges facing food systems in the 21st century, and issues of sustainability for agriculture and other food production activities, as well as the challenges posed by food insecurity and modern diets to human health and well-being.

Biological EngineeringEngineering
Author
Heather Karsten & Steven Vanek
Publisher
Pennsylvania State University
Source
LibreTexts
License
CC BY-NC-SA
Language
EN
Read online Download PDF (open licence)
Contents· 190 sections
  1. 01: Introduction
  2. 01: Introduction
  3. 1.01: The Future of Food- Course Overview
  4. 1.1.01: 1 Food Society and the Environment- Coupled Human-Natural Systems
  5. 1.1.02: 2 Guided Introductory Reading- Why Environment and Food
  6. 1.1.03: 3 Drastic Impacts of Food Production on Planet Earth- The Anthropocene
  7. 1.1.04: 4 Sustainability- Environments Communities and Economics
  8. 1.1.05: 5 Increasing Interest in Food Systems and Sustainability
  9. 1.1.06: Formative Assessment- Environment and Food Issues
  10. 1.02: Food Systems Combine Natural and Human Systems
  11. 1.2.01: 1 The Systems Concept
  12. 1.2.02: 2 Complex Systems Behavior- An Example from India
  13. 1.2.03: 3 Food Systems as Human-Natural Systems
  14. 1.2.04: Summative Assessment- Concept Mapping and Assessment of Food Systems
  15. 1.2.4.01: 1. Pennsylvania Dairy Sector- National to Global Scale - Option 1
  16. 1.2.4.02: 2. Colorado Feedlot Beef Production- National to Global - Option 2
  17. 1.2.4.03: 3. Asparagus Production in Peru- National to Global - Option 3
  18. 1.2.4.04: 4. New York City Green Markets- Local to Regional - Option 1
  19. 1.2.4.05: 5. Diversified Smallholder Production in the Peruvian Andes- Local to Regional - Option 2
  20. 1.03: Summary and Final Tasks
  21. 02: Capstone Project Overview
  22. 2.01: Capstone Project Stage 1 Assignment
  23. 03: Geographic and Historical Context
  24. 3.01: Origin of Farming as Coevolution and Coupled Human-Nature Interactions
  25. 3.1.01: 1 Early Hunter-Gatherer Modifications of Environment for Food
  26. 3.1.02: 2 The Nature and Timing of Agricultural Domestication- Global Patterns
  27. 3.1.03: 3 Geographical Sites and Ecological Components of Agricultural Domestication
  28. 3.1.04: 4 Explaining Domestication using Coupled Human-Natural Systems (CHNS)
  29. 3.02: Historical Development and Change in Food Systems
  30. 3.2.01: 1 From the Origins of Agriculture to Challenges and Opportunities for the Future of Food
  31. 3.2.02: 2 Period 1- Domestication Early Farming and Widespread Impacts (10000 BP - 4000 BP)
  32. 3.2.03: 3 Period 2- Independent States World Trade and Global Colonial Empires (3000 BP - 1800 1900 CE)
  33. 3.2.04: 4 Period 3- Modern Industrial Agriculture (1800 1900 CE - Present)
  34. 3.2.05: 5 Period 4- Sustainability Movements Towards the Future of Food- Quasi-Parallel Ecological Modernization and Alternative Food Networks (2000-Present)
  35. 3.2.06: Summative Assessment- Drivers and Feedbacks in the Development of Food Systems
  36. 3.03: Summary and Final Tasks
  37. 04: Diet and Nutrition
  38. 4.01: Diet and Nutrition Basics for Global Food Systems
  39. 4.1.01: 1 Energy Sources in Foods- Carbohydrates Fat and Protein
  40. 4.1.02: 2 Protein and Amino Acids- Building Blocks
  41. 4.1.03: 3 Vitamins and Minerals- Growth Illness Prevention and Proper Function
  42. 4.1.04: 4 High-Quality Fats and Shifting Paradigms Around Fat in Diets
  43. 4.1.05: 5 Dietary Fiber and Microbes in the Human Gut
  44. 4.1.06: Formative Assessment- Using a Diet Assessment Tool
  45. 4.02: Food System Issues for Nutrition
  46. 4.2.01: 1 Malnutrition (Undernutrition) Among Poor and Vulnerable Populations
  47. 4.2.02: 2 Diseases of Affluence- Not Just for the Affluent
  48. 4.2.03: 3 Human System Factors in Nutrition- Challenges in the Globalized Food System
  49. 4.2.04: 4 Local and Alternative Organic Foods and Food System Challenges
  50. 4.2.05: 5 The Happy Medium in Nutrition and Diets
  51. 4.03: Summary and Final Tasks
  52. 4.04: Summative Assessment- Food Access and Food Deserts
  53. 02: Environmental Dynamics and Drivers
  54. 05: Food and Water
  55. 5.01: Water resources and Food Production
  56. 5.1.01: Evaporation and Climate
  57. 5.1.02: Water is Essential for Food Production
  58. 5.1.03: Evapotranspiration and Crop Water Use
  59. 5.1.04: Water Sources for Crops
  60. 5.1.05: Irrigation Efficiency
  61. 5.1.06: Virtual Water
  62. 5.1.07: Formative Assessment - Turning Water into Food
  63. 5.02: Impacts of Food Production on Water Resources
  64. 5.2.01: Impacts of Surface Water Withdrawals for Irrigation
  65. 5.2.02: Impacts of Groundwater Withdrawals for Irrigation
  66. 5.2.03: Water Quality Impacts
  67. 5.2.04: Colorado River Case Study
  68. 5.2.05: Mississippi River Case Study
  69. 5.2.06: Managing Runoff to Reduce the Dead Zone
  70. 5.03: Summary and Final Tasks
  71. 5.04: Summative Assessment- Kansas Farm Case Study
  72. 06: Soils as a Key Resource for Food Systems
  73. 6.01: Soil Basics
  74. 6.1.01: What is Soil
  75. 6.1.02: Soils Support Plant Growth and Food Production
  76. 6.1.03: Soil Formation and Geography
  77. 6.1.04: Soil Properties and Human Responses to Boost Food Production
  78. 6.1.05: Understanding Soil Maps at a Broad Global Level
  79. 6.1.06: Formative Assessment- Mapping Trends in Soil Properties
  80. 6.02: Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus- Human Management of Key Nutrients
  81. 6.2.01: What is Nutrient Cycling
  82. 6.2.02: Soil Depletion and Regeneration- Human Management of Nutrients in Soils
  83. 6.2.03: Depletion and Regeneration of Soil Organic Matter
  84. 6.2.04: The Nitrogen Cycle and Human Management of Soils
  85. 6.2.05: The Phosphorus Cycle and Human Management of Soils
  86. 6.2.06: Soil Nutrients- Human Systems Aspects
  87. 6.03: Summary and Final Tasks
  88. 6.04: Summative Assessment- N and P Balances
  89. 07: Crops
  90. 7.01: Crop Life Cycles and Environments
  91. 7.1.01: 1 Plant Life Histories
  92. 7.1.02: 2 Annuals
  93. 7.1.03: 3 Perennials
  94. 7.1.04: 4 Crop Life Cycles and Environments
  95. 7.1.05: 5 Perennials and Soil Conservation
  96. 7.02: Crop Plant Characteristic Classification and Climatic Adaptations
  97. 7.2.01: 1 Plant Families
  98. 7.2.02: 2 Plant Classification Systems and Physiological Processes
  99. 7.2.03: 3 C3 and C4 Photosynthesis
  100. 7.2.04: Agricultural Crops Case Studies
  101. 7.2.4.01: Corn (Maize) Case Study
  102. 7.2.4.02: Sugarcane Case Study
  103. 7.03: Summary and Final Tasks
  104. 7.04: Summative Assessment- Top 15 World Agricultural Commodities
  105. 08: Capstone Project Stage 2 Assignment
  106. 03: Systems Approaches to Managing our Food Systems
  107. 09: Soils and a Systems Approach to Soil Quality
  108. 9.01: Cropping Systems and Soil Quality
  109. 9.1.01: Cropping Systems
  110. 9.1.02: Intercrops and Cover Crops
  111. 9.1.03: Soil Quality Soil Health
  112. 9.02: Conservation Agriculture- A Systems Approach
  113. 9.2.01: 1 Tillage Impacts on Soil Health
  114. 9.2.02: 2 Tillage Systems
  115. 9.2.03: 3 Continuous Cover Through Crop Management
  116. 9.2.04: 4 Conservation Agriculture in Brazil Case Study
  117. 9.03: Summary and Final Tasks
  118. 10: Pests and Integrated Pest Management
  119. 10.01: Insects and Integrated Pest Management
  120. 10.1.01: 1 Natural Ecosystem and Agroecosystem Comparison
  121. 10.1.02: 2 Insects
  122. 10.1.03: 3 Pest Management
  123. 10.1.04: 4 Understanding Economic Thresholds
  124. 10.1.05: Formative Assessment- Australian Grain Crop IPM and Determining the Economic Threshold of Potato Leafhoppers in Alfalfa
  125. 10.02: Weeds Transgenic Crops for Pest Management and Pathogens
  126. 10.2.01: 1 Weeds
  127. 10.2.02: 2 Weed Survival Characteristics
  128. 10.2.03: 3 Herbicide Resistance
  129. 10.2.04: 4 Transgenic Crops for Pest Control
  130. 10.2.05: 5 Insect Resistant Bt Crops
  131. 10.2.06: 6 Herbicide Resistant Crops
  132. 10.2.07: 7 Plant Pathogens
  133. 10.2.08: Summative Assessment- Herbicide Resistant Weed Interpretation and Management of Multiple Pest Types
  134. 10.03: Summary and Final Tasks
  135. 11: Food and Climate Change
  136. 11.01: Understanding Global Climate Change and Food Systems
  137. 11.1.01: Introduction
  138. 11.1.02: Understanding the Science of Climate Change
  139. 11.1.03: Climate is Already Changing
  140. 11.1.04: Projected Climate Changes
  141. 11.1.05: The Role of Our Food Systems in Climate Change
  142. 11.02: Food Production in a Changing Climate
  143. 11.2.01: Climate Variables that Affect Agriculture
  144. 11.2.02: Direct Effects of Climate Change on Crops
  145. 11.2.03: Indirect Effects of Climate Change on Plants
  146. 11.2.04: How Farmers Adapt to Climate Change
  147. 11.2.05: Climate Change in the Coupled Human-Natural System
  148. 11.03: Summary and Final Tasks
  149. 11.04: Summative Assessment- Climate Change Predictions in your Capstone Region
  150. 12: Capstone Project Stage 3 Assignment
  151. 04: Food Systems and Sustainability
  152. 13: Food Systems
  153. 13.01: Food Systems
  154. 13.1.01: Introductory Video on Food Systems
  155. 13.1.02: Food Systems- Environments Production Distribution and Household Utilization of Food
  156. 13.1.03: Spatial Scale and Typologies of Food Systems
  157. 13.1.04: The Globalized Corporate Food System
  158. 13.1.05: Smallholder Farmer Food Systems
  159. 13.1.06: Alternative Food Systems- Global and Local Variants
  160. 13.1.07: Challenges to Producers- Sustainability and Poverty Traps
  161. 13.1.08: Challenges to Producers- Sustainability and Agriculture of the Middle in Globalized Food System
  162. 13.1.09: Food Systems as Coupled Natural-Human Systems
  163. 13.1.10: Divergence and Transition of Food Systems- Human-Natural Interactions
  164. 13.02: Assessing Food System Impacts on Natural Systems and Sustainability
  165. 13.2.01: Earth System Impacts and Energy Use by the Food System
  166. 13.2.02: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)- Measuring the Impacts of Systems in Multi-part Processes
  167. 13.2.03: Using LCAs Part One- Comparing Costs and Impacts
  168. 13.2.04: Using LCAs Part Two- Assessing Hot Spots
  169. 13.2.05: Summative Assessment- Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Energy Use in Potato Production in Smallholder Andean and North American Production Systems
  170. 13.2.5.01: Description of the LCA Exercise
  171. 13.2.5.02: Complete the Excel Spreadsheet
  172. 13.2.5.03: Discussion and Analysis
  173. 13.03: Summary and Final Tasks
  174. 14: Human-Environment Interactions
  175. 14.01: Resilience Adaptive Capacity and Vulnerability (RACV)- Agrobiodiversity and Seed Systems
  176. 14.1.01: Perturbations and Shocks in Agri-Food Systems
  177. 14.1.02: Defining Resilience Adaptive Capacity and Vulnerability
  178. 14.1.03: Agrobiodiversity- Biological Diversity and Associated Human Capacity in Agro-food Systems
  179. 14.02: Food Access and Food Insecurity
  180. 14.2.01: Introduction to Food Access Food Security and Food-Insecure Conditions
  181. 14.2.02: Global Overview of Food Insecurity- Food Deficit Map and Required Readings
  182. 14.2.03: Food Shortages Chronic Malnutrition and Famine- Coupled Human-Natural Systems Aspects
  183. 14.2.04: Summative Assessment- Anatomy of a Somali Famine (2010-2012)
  184. 14.03: Summary and Final Tasks
  185. 15: Capstone Project Stage 4 Assignment
  186. 16: Capstone Project Stage 5
  187. 16.01: Capstone Project Stage 1
  188. 16.02: Capstone Project Stage 2
  189. 16.03: Capstone Project Stage 3
  190. 16.04: Capstone Project Stage 4