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Chemistry - Atoms First

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Chemistry - Atoms First

General ChemistryChemistry
Author
OpenSTAX
Publisher
LibreTexts
Source
LibreTexts
License
CC BY
Language
EN
Category
Basic Sciences
Read online Download PDF (open licence)
Contents· 179 sections
  1. 01: Essential Ideas of Chemistry
  2. 1.1: Chemistry in Context
  3. 1.2: Phases and Classification of Matter
  4. 1.3: Physical and Chemical Properties
  5. 1.4: Measurements
  6. 1.5: Measurement Uncertainty Accuracy and Precision
  7. 1.6: Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
  8. 1.E: Essential Ideas of Chemistry (Exercises)
  9. 02: Atoms Molecules and Ions
  10. 2.0: Prelude to Atoms
  11. 2.1: Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
  12. 2.2: Evolution of Atomic Theory
  13. 2.3: Atomic Structure and Symbolism
  14. 2.4: Chemical Formulas
  15. 2.5: The Periodic Table
  16. 2.6: Molecular and Ionic Compounds
  17. 2.7: Chemical Nomenclature
  18. 2.E: Atoms Molecules and Ions (Exercises)
  19. 03: Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties
  20. 3.1: Electromagnetic Energy
  21. 3.2: The Bohr Model
  22. 3.3: Development of Quantum Theory
  23. 3.4: Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
  24. 3.5: Periodic Variations in Element Properties
  25. 3.E: Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties (Exercises)
  26. 04: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
  27. 4.0: Prelude to Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
  28. 4.1: Ionic Bonding
  29. 4.2: Covalent Bonding
  30. 4.3: Lewis Symbols and Structures
  31. 4.4: Formal Charges and Resonance
  32. 4.5: Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
  33. 4.6: Molecular Structure and Polarity
  34. 4.E: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry (Exercises)
  35. 05: Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding
  36. 5.0: Prelude to Covalent Bonding
  37. 5.1: Valence Bond Theory
  38. 5.2: Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
  39. 5.3: Multiple Bonds
  40. 5.4: Molecular Orbital Theory
  41. 5.E: Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding (Exercises)
  42. 06: Composition of Substances and Solutions
  43. 6.1: Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
  44. 6.2: Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
  45. 6.3: Molarity
  46. 6.4: Other Units for Solution Concentrations
  47. 6.E: Composition of Substances and Solutions (Exercises)
  48. 07: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
  49. 7.0: Prelude to Stoichiometry
  50. 7.1: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
  51. 7.2: Classifying Chemical Reactions
  52. 7.3: Reaction Stoichiometry
  53. 7.4: Reaction Yields
  54. 7.5: Quantitative Chemical Analysis
  55. 7.E: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions (Exercises)
  56. 08: Gases
  57. 8.1: Gas Pressure
  58. 8.2: Relating Pressure Volume Amount and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
  59. 8.3: Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances Mixtures and Reactions
  60. 8.4: Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
  61. 8.5: The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
  62. 8.6: Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
  63. 8.E: Gases (Exercises)
  64. 09: Thermochemistry
  65. 9.0: Prelude to Thermochemistry
  66. 9.1: Energy Basics
  67. 9.2: Calorimetry
  68. 9.3: Enthalpy
  69. 9.E: Thermochemistry (Exercises)
  70. 10: Liquids and Solids
  71. 10.0: Prelude to Liquids and Solids
  72. 10.1: Intermolecular Forces
  73. 10.2: Properties of Liquids
  74. 10.3: Phase Transitions
  75. 10.4: Phase Diagrams
  76. 10.5: The Solid State of Matter
  77. 10.6: Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
  78. 10.E: Liquids and Solids (Exercises)
  79. 11: Solutions and Colloids
  80. 11.0: Prelude to Solutions and Colloids
  81. 11.1: The Dissolution Process
  82. 11.2: Electrolytes
  83. 11.3: Solubility
  84. 11.4: Colligative Properties
  85. 11.5: Colloids
  86. 11.E: Solutions and Colloids (Exercises)
  87. 12: Thermodynamics
  88. 12.1: Spontaneity
  89. 12.2: Entropy
  90. 12.3: The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
  91. 12.4: Gibbs Energy
  92. 12.E: Thermodynamics (Exercises)
  93. 13: Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
  94. 13.0: Prelude to Equilibrium
  95. 13.1: Chemical Equilibria
  96. 13.2: Equilibrium Constants
  97. 13.3: Shifting Equilibria: Le Chateliers Principle
  98. 13.4: Equilibrium Calculations
  99. 13.E: Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts (Exercises)
  100. 14: Acid-Base Equilibria
  101. 14.1: Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
  102. 14.2: pH and pOH
  103. 14.3: Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
  104. 14.4: Hydrolysis of Salt Solutions
  105. 14.5: Polyprotic Acids
  106. 14.6: Buffers
  107. 14.7: Acid-Base Titrations
  108. 14.E: Acid-Base Equilibria (Exercises)
  109. 15: Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes
  110. 15.1: Precipitation and Dissolution
  111. 15.2: Lewis Acids and Bases
  112. 15.3: Coupled Equilibria
  113. 15.E: Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes (Exercises)
  114. 16: Electrochemistry
  115. 16.1: Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
  116. 16.2: Galvanic Cells
  117. 16.3: Standard Reduction Potentials
  118. 16.4: The Nernst Equation
  119. 16.5: Batteries and Fuel Cells
  120. 16.6: Corrosion
  121. 16.7: Electrolysis
  122. 16.E: Electrochemistry (Exercises)
  123. 17: Kinetics
  124. 17.0: Prelude to Kinetics
  125. 17.1: Chemical Reaction Rates
  126. 17.2: Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
  127. 17.3: Rate Laws
  128. 17.4: Integrated Rate Laws
  129. 17.5: Collision Theory
  130. 17.6: Reaction Mechanisms
  131. 17.8: Catalysis
  132. 17.E: Kinetics (Exercises)
  133. 18: Representative Metals Metalloids and Nonmetals
  134. 18.01: Periodicity
  135. 18.02: Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
  136. 18.03: Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
  137. 18.04: Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
  138. 18.05: Occurrence Preparation and Compounds of Hydrogen
  139. 18.06: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Carbonates
  140. 18.07: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Nitrogen
  141. 18.08: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Phosphorus
  142. 18.09: Occurrence Preparation and Compounds of Oxygen
  143. 18.10: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Sulfur
  144. 18.11: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Halogens
  145. 18.12: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of the Noble Gases
  146. 18.E: Representative Metals Metalloids and Nonmetals (Exercises)
  147. 19: Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
  148. 19.1: Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
  149. 19.2: Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
  150. 19.3: Optical and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
  151. 19.E: Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry (Exercises)
  152. 20: Nuclear Chemistry
  153. 20.1: Nuclear Structure and Stability
  154. 20.2: Nuclear Equations
  155. 20.3: Radioactive Decay
  156. 20.4: Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
  157. 20.5: Uses of Radioisotopes
  158. 20.6: Biological Effects of Radiation
  159. 20.E: Nuclear Chemistry (Exercises)
  160. 21: Organic Chemistry
  161. 21.0: Prelude to Organic Chemistry
  162. 21.1: Hydrocarbons
  163. 21.2: Alcohols and Ethers
  164. 21.3: Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic Acids and Esters
  165. 21.4: Amines and Amides
  166. 21.E: Organic Chemistry (Exercises)
  167. Appendices
  168. Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases
  169. Essential Mathematics
  170. Formation Constants for Complex Ions
  171. Fundamental Physical Constants
  172. Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
  173. Ionization Constants of Weak Bases
  174. Solubility Products
  175. Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
  176. Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
  177. The Periodic Table
  178. Units and Conversion Factors
  179. Water Properties