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Chemistry 2e (OpenStax)

This course deals with the spontaneity, extent and rate of chemical processes. Covers chemical thermodynamics, kinetics, equilibria, including acid-base and solubility equilibria, and electrochemistry.

Chemistry

Author: Flowers, Theopold, and Langley
Publisher: OpenStax
Source: LibreTexts
License: CC BY
Language: EN
Category: Accounting & Auditing

Read online Download PDF (open licence)

Contents· 273 sections

01: Essential Ideas
1.01: Introduction
1.02: Chemistry in Context
1.03: Phases and Classification of Matter
1.04: Physical and Chemical Properties
1.05: Measurements
1.06: Measurement Uncertainty Accuracy and Precision
1.07: Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
1.08: Key Terms
1.09: Key Equations
1.10: Summary
1.11: Exercises
02: Atoms Molecules and Ions
2.01: Introduction
2.02: Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
2.03: Evolution of Atomic Theory
2.04: Atomic Structure and Symbolism
2.05: Chemical Formulas
2.06: The Periodic Table
2.07: Molecular and Ionic Compounds
2.08: Chemical Nomenclature
2.09: Key Terms
2.10: Key Equations
2.11: Summary
2.12: Exercises
03: Composition of Substances and Solutions
3.01: Introduction
3.02: Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
3.03: Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
3.04: Molarity
3.05: Other Units for Solution Concentrations
3.06: Key Terms
3.07: Key Equations
3.08: Summary
3.09: Exercises
04: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
4.01: Introduction
4.02: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
4.03: Classifying Chemical Reactions
4.04: Reaction Stoichiometry
4.05: Reaction Yields
4.06: Quantitative Chemical Analysis
4.07: Key Terms
4.08: Key Equations
4.09: Summary
4.10: Exercises
05: Thermochemistry
5.01: Introduction
5.02: Energy Basics
5.03: Calorimetry
5.04: Enthalpy
5.05: Key Terms
5.06: Key Equations
5.07: Summary
5.08: Exercises
06: Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties
6.01: Introduction
6.02: Electromagnetic Energy
6.03: The Bohr Model
6.04: Development of Quantum Theory
6.05: Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
6.06: Periodic Variations in Element Properties
6.07: Key Terms
6.08: Key Equations
6.09: Summary
6.10: Exercises
07: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
7.01: Introduction
7.02: Ionic Bonding
7.03: Covalent Bonding
7.04: Lewis Symbols and Structures
7.05: Formal Charges and Resonance
7.06: Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
7.07: Molecular Structure and Polarity
7.08: Key Terms
7.09: Key Equations
7.10: Summary
7.11: Exercises
08: Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding
8.01: Introduction
8.02: Valence Bond Theory
8.03: Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
8.04: Multiple Bonds
8.05: Molecular Orbital Theory
8.06: Key Terms
8.07: Key Equations
8.08: Summary
8.09: Exercises
09: Gases
9.01: Introduction
9.02: Gas Pressure
9.03: Relating Pressure Volume Amount and Temperature - The Ideal Gas Law
9.04: Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances Mixtures and Reactions
9.05: Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
9.06: The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
9.07: Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
9.08: Key Terms
9.09: Key Equations
9.10: Summary
9.11: Exercises
10: Liquids and Solids
10.01: Introduction
10.02: Intermolecular Forces
10.03: Properties of Liquids
10.04: Phase Transitions
10.05: Phase Diagrams
10.06: The Solid State of Matter
10.07: Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
10.08: Key Terms
10.09: Key Equations
10.10: Summary
10.11: Exercises
11: Solutions and Colloids
11.01: Introduction
11.02: The Dissolution Process
11.03: Electrolytes
11.04: Solubility
11.05: Colligative Properties
11.06: Colloids
11.07: Key Terms
11.08: Key Equations
11.09: Summary
11.10: Exercises
12: Kinetics
12.01: Introduction
12.02: Chemical Reaction Rates
12.03: Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
12.04: Rate Laws
12.05: Integrated Rate Laws
12.06: Collision Theory
12.07: Reaction Mechanisms
12.08: Catalysis
12.09: Key Terms
12.10: Key Equations
12.11: Summary
12.12: Exercises
13: Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
13.01: Introduction
13.02: Chemical Equilibria
13.03: Equilibrium Constants
13.04: Shifting Equilibria - Le Chateliers Principle
13.05: Equilibrium Calculations
13.06: Key Terms
13.07: Key Equations
13.08: Summary
13.09: Exercises
14: Acid-Base Equilibria
14.01: Introduction
14.02: Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
14.03: pH and pOH
14.04: Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
14.05: Hydrolysis of Salt Solutions
14.06: Polyprotic Acids
14.07: Buffers
14.08: Acid-Base Titrations
14.09: Key Terms
14.10: Key Equations
14.11: Summary
14.12: Exercises
15: Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes
15.01: Introduction
15.02: Precipitation and Dissolution
15.03: Lewis Acids and Bases
15.04: Coupled Equilibria
15.05: Key Terms
15.06: Key Equations
15.07: Summary
15.08: Exercises
16: Thermodynamics
16.01: Introduction
16.02: Spontaneity
16.03: Entropy
16.04: The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
16.05: Free Energy
16.06: Key Terms
16.07: Key Equations
16.08: Summary
16.09: Exercises
17: Electrochemistry
17.01: Introduction
17.02: Review of Redox Chemistry
17.03: Galvanic Cells
17.04: Electrode and Cell Potentials
17.05: Potential Free Energy and Equilibrium
17.06: Batteries and Fuel Cells
17.07: Corrosion
17.08: Electrolysis
17.09: Key Terms
17.10: Key Equations
17.11: Summary
17.12: Exercises
18: Representative Metals Metalloids and Nonmetals
18.01: Introduction
18.02: Periodicity
18.03: Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
18.04: Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
18.05: Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
18.06: Occurrence Preparation and Compounds of Hydrogen
18.07: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Carbonates
18.08: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Nitrogen
18.09: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Phosphorus
18.10: Occurrence Preparation and Compounds of Oxygen
18.11: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Sulfur
18.12: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Halogens
18.13: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of the Noble Gases
18.14: Key Terms
18.15: Summary
18.16: Exercises
19: Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
19.01: Introduction
19.02: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
19.03: Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
19.04: Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
19.05: Key Terms
19.06: Summary
19.07: Exercises
20: Organic Chemistry
20.01: Introduction
20.02: Hydrocarbons
20.03: Alcohols and Ethers
20.04: Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic Acids and Esters
20.05: Amines and Amides
20.06: Key Terms
20.07: Summary
20.08: Exercises
21: Nuclear Chemistry
21.01: Introduction
21.02: Nuclear Structure and Stability
21.03: Nuclear Equations
21.04: Radioactive Decay
21.05: Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
21.06: Uses of Radioisotopes
21.07: Biological Effects of Radiation
21.08: Key Terms
21.09: Key Equations
21.10: Summary
21.11: Exercises
22: Appendices
22.01: The Periodic Table
22.02: Essential Mathematics
22.03: Units and Conversion Factors
22.04: Fundamental Physical Constants
22.05: Water Properties
22.06: Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases
22.07: Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
22.08: Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
22.09: Ionization Constants of Weak Bases
22.10: Solubility Products
22.11: Formation Constants for Complex Ions
22.12: Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
22.13: Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes
22.14: Answer Key
22.14.01: Chapter 1
22.14.02: Chapter 2
22.14.03: Chapter 3
22.14.04: Chapter 4
22.14.05: Chapter 5
22.14.06: Chapter 6
22.14.07: Chapter 7
22.14.08: Chapter 8
22.14.09: Chapter 9
22.14.10: Chapter 10
22.14.11: Chapter 11
22.14.12: Chapter 12
22.14.13: Chapter 13
22.14.14: Chapter 14
22.14.15: Chapter 15
22.14.16: Chapter 16
22.14.17: Chapter 17
22.14.18: Chapter 18
22.14.19: Chapter 19
22.14.20: Chapter 20
22.14.21: Chapter 21