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Analytical Chemistry 2.1

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Analytical Chemistry 2.1

The introductory course in analytical chemistry is the ideal place in the undergraduate chemistry curriculum for exploring topics such as experimental design, sampling, calibration strategies, standardization, optimization, statistics, and the validation of experimental results. Analytical methods come and go, but best practices for designing and validating analytical methods are universal.

Chemistry
Author
David Harvey
Publisher
DePauw University
Source
LibreTexts
License
CC BY-NC-SA
Language
EN
Category
Basic Sciences
Read online Download PDF (open licence)
Contents· 170 sections
  1. 01: Introduction to Analytical Chemistry
  2. 1.01: What is Analytical Chemistry
  3. 1.02: The Analytical Perspective
  4. 1.03: Common Analytical Problems
  5. 1.04: Problems
  6. 1.05: Additional Resources
  7. 1.06: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
  8. 02: Basic Tools of Analytical Chemistry
  9. 2.01: Measurements in Analytical Chemistry
  10. 2.02: Concentration
  11. 2.03: Stoichiometric Calculations
  12. 2.04: Basic Equipment
  13. 2.05: Preparing Solutions
  14. 2.06: Spreadsheets and Computational Software
  15. 2.07: The Laboratory Notebook
  16. 2.08: Problems
  17. 2.09: Additional Resources
  18. 2.10: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
  19. 03: The Vocabulary of Analytical Chemistry
  20. 3.01: Analysis, Determination, and Measurement
  21. 3.02: Techniques, Methods, Procedures, and Protocols
  22. 3.03: Classifying Analytical Techniques
  23. 3.04: Selecting an Analytical Method
  24. 3.05: Developing the Procedure
  25. 3.06: Protocols
  26. 3.07: The Importance of Analytical Methodology
  27. 3.08: Problems
  28. 3.09: Additional Resources
  29. 3.10: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
  30. 04: Evaluating Analytical Data
  31. 4.01: Characterizing Measurements and Results
  32. 4.02: Characterizing Experimental Errors
  33. 4.03: Propagation of Uncertainty
  34. 4.04: The Distribution of Measurements and Results
  35. 4.05: Statistical Analysis of Data
  36. 4.06: Statistical Methods for Normal Distributions
  37. 4.07: Detection Limits
  38. 4.08: Using Excel and R to Analyze Data
  39. 4.09: Problems
  40. 4.10: Additional Resources
  41. 4.11: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
  42. 05: Standardizing Analytical Methods
  43. 5.01: Analytical Signals
  44. 5.02: Calibrating the Signal
  45. 5.03: Determining the Sensitivity
  46. 5.04: Linear Regression and Calibration Curves
  47. 5.05: Compensating for the Reagent Blank
  48. 5.06: Using Excel and R for a Linear Regression
  49. 5.07: Problems
  50. 5.08: Additional Resources
  51. 5.09: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
  52. 06: Equilibrium Chemistry
  53. 6.01: Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibria
  54. 6.02: Thermodynamics and Equilibrium Chemistry
  55. 6.03: Manipulating Equilibrium Constants
  56. 6.04: Equilibrium Constants for Chemical Reactions
  57. 6.05: Le Châtelier’s Principle
  58. 6.06: Ladder Diagrams
  59. 6.07: Solving Equilibrium Problems
  60. 6.08: Buffer Solutions
  61. 6.09: Activity Effects
  62. 6.10: Using Excel and R to Solve Equilibrium Problems
  63. 6.11: Some Final Thoughts on Equilibrium Calculations
  64. 6.12: Problems
  65. 6.13: Additional Resources
  66. 6.14: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
  67. 07: Obtaining and Preparing Samples for Analysis
  68. 7.01: The Importance of Sampling
  69. 7.02: Designing a Sampling Plan
  70. 7.03: Implementing the Sampling Plan
  71. 7.04: Separating the Analyte From Interferents
  72. 7.05: General Theory of Separation Effiiciency
  73. 7.06: Classifying Separation Techniques
  74. 7.07: Liquid-Liquid Extractions
  75. 7.08: Separation Versus Preconcentration
  76. 7.09: Problems
  77. 7.10: Additional Resources
  78. 7.11: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
  79. 08: Gravimetric Methods
  80. 8.01: Overview of Gravimetric Methods
  81. 8.02: Precipitation Gravimetry
  82. 8.03: Volatilization Gravimetry
  83. 8.04: Particulate Gravimetry
  84. 8.05: Problems
  85. 8.06: Additional Resources
  86. 8.07: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
  87. 09: Titrimetric Methods
  88. 9.01: Overview of Titrimetry
  89. 9.02: Acid–Base Titrations
  90. 9.03: Complexation Titrations
  91. 9.04: Redox Titrations
  92. 9.05: Precipitation Titrations
  93. 9.06: Problems
  94. 9.07: Additional Resources
  95. 9.08: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
  96. 10: Spectroscopic Methods
  97. 10.01: Overview of Spectroscopy
  98. 10.02: Spectroscopy Based on Absorption
  99. 10.03: UV
  100. Vis and IR Spectroscopy
  101. 10.04: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
  102. 10.05: Emission Spectroscopy
  103. 10.06: Photoluminescent Spectroscopy
  104. 10.07: Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
  105. 10.08: Spectroscopy Based on Scattering
  106. 10.09: Problems
  107. 10.10: Additional Resources
  108. 10.11: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
  109. 11: Electrochemical Methods
  110. 11.01: Overview of Electrochemistry
  111. 11.02: Potentiometric Methods
  112. 11.03: Coulometric Methods
  113. 11.04: Voltammetric and Amperometric Methods
  114. 11.05: Problems
  115. 11.06: Additional Resources
  116. 11.07: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
  117. 12: Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods
  118. 12.01: Overview of Analytical Separations
  119. 12.02: General Theory of Column Chromatography
  120. 12.03: Optimizing Chromatographic Separations
  121. 12.04: Gas Chromatography
  122. 12.05: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
  123. 12.06: Other Forms of Chromatography
  124. 12.07: Electrophoresis
  125. 12.08: Problems
  126. 12.09: Additional Resources
  127. 12.10: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
  128. 13: Kinetic Methods
  129. 13.01: Kinetic Techniques versus Equilibrium Techniques
  130. 13.02: Chemical Kinetics
  131. 13.03: Radiochemistry
  132. 13.04: Flow Injection Analysis
  133. 13.05: Problems
  134. 13.06: Additional Resources
  135. 13.07: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
  136. 14: Developing a Standard Method
  137. 14.01: Optimizing the Experimental Procedure
  138. 14.02: Verifying the Method
  139. 14.03: Validating the Method as a Standard Method
  140. 14.04: Using Excel and R for an Analysis of Variance
  141. 14.05: Problems
  142. 14.06: Additional Resources
  143. 14.07: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
  144. 15: Quality Assurance
  145. 15.01: The Analytical Perspective Revisited
  146. 15.02: Quality Control
  147. 15.03: Quality Assessment
  148. 15.04: Evaluating Quality Assurance Data
  149. 15.05: Problems
  150. 15.06: Additional Resources
  151. 15.07: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
  152. 16: Appendix
  153. 16.01: Normality
  154. 16.02: Propagation of Uncertainty
  155. 16.03: Single-Sided Normal Distribution
  156. 16.04: Critical Values for t-Test
  157. 16.05: Critical Values for F-Test
  158. 16.06: Critical Values for Dixon's Q-Test
  159. 16.07: Critical Values for Grubb's Test
  160. 16.08: Recommended Primary Standards
  161. 16.09: Correcting Mass for the Buoyancy of Air
  162. 16.10: Solubility Products
  163. 16.11: Acid Dissociation Constants
  164. 16.12: Formation Constants
  165. 16.13: Standard Reduction Potentials
  166. 16.14: Random Number Table
  167. 16.15: Polarographic Half-Wave Potentials
  168. 16.16: Countercurrent Separations
  169. 16.17: Review of Chemical Kinetics
  170. 16.18: Atomic Weights of the Elements