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Biology for Majors II (Lumen)

Biology

Publisher: LibreTexts
Source: LibreTexts
Language: EN
Category: Basic Sciences

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Contents· 499 sections

01: Course Contents
1.01: About This Course
1.02: Course Contents at a Glance
1.03: Learning Outcomes
1.04: Teaching this Course
02: Faculty Resources
2.01: Faculty Resource Overview
2.02: Pacing
2.03: PDF
2.04: PowerPoints
2.05: Assignments
2.06: Question Banks
2.07: I Need Help
03: Resources- Course Assignments
3.01: Assignment- Build a Cell
3.02: Assignment- Natures Recyclers
3.03: Assignment- Hobby Horticulturalist
3.04: Assignment- Morphological Phylogenetics
3.05: Assignment- Public Relations- Invertebrates are Awesome
3.06: Assignment- Medical Experience
3.07: Assignment- Synesthesia is an HR Issue
3.08: Assignment- Infertility- Whats to Blame
3.09: Assignment- High Altitude Athletic Training Advertisement
3.10: Assignment- New AIDS Treatment Protocol
3.11: Assignment- Celiac Disease vs IBS
3.12: Assignment- Ecotourism
04: Module 1- Introduction to Biology
4.01: Why It Matters- Introduction to Biology
4.02: Introduction to Characteristics of Life
4.03: Properties of Life
4.04: Levels of Organization of Living Things
4.05: Introduction to Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
4.06: Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
4.07: Introduction to Taxonomy
4.08: The Diversity of Life
4.09: Phylogenetic Trees
4.10: Taxonomy
4.11: Introduction to the Study of Biology
4.12: The Branches of Biology
4.13: Scientific Inquiry
4.14: Experiments and Hypotheses
4.15: Interpreting Results
4.16: Putting It Together- Introduction to Biology
05: Module 2- Viruses
5.01: Why It Matters- Viruses
5.02: Introduction to Viral Evolution Morphology and Classification
5.03: History of Viruses
5.04: Viral Morphology
5.05: Virus Classification
5.06: Introduction to Virus Infections and Hosts
5.07: Steps of Virus Infections
5.08: Different Hosts and Their Viruses
5.09: Introduction to Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
5.10: Vaccines for Prevention
5.11: Vaccines and Anti-Viral Drugs for Treatment
5.12: Introduction to Prions and Viroids
5.13: Prions and Viroids
5.14: Putting It Together- Viruses
5.15: Cerego- Viruses
06: Module 3- History of Life
6.01: Why It Matters- History of Life
6.02: Introduction to Evolution
6.03: Natural Selection
6.04: Theory of Evolution
6.05: Evidence of Evolution
6.06: Misconceptions of Evolution
6.07: Introduction to Speciation
6.08: What is a Species
6.09: Types of Speciation
6.10: Reconnection
6.11: Rates of Speciation
6.12: Introduction to the Evolution of Populations
6.13: Population Genetics
6.14: Hardy-Weinberg Principle of Equilibrium
6.15: Genetic Variation and Drift
6.16: Adaptive Evolution
6.17: Introduction to Phylogenies and the History of Life
6.18: Phylogenetic Trees
6.19: Taxonomy
6.20: Homologous and Analogous Traits
6.21: Cladistics
6.22: Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
6.23: Putting It Together- History of Life
6.24: Cerego- History of Life
07: Module 4- Prokaryotes
7.01: Why It Matters- Prokaryotes
7.02: Introduction to Prokaryotic Diversity
7.03: Evolutionary History of Prokaryotes
7.04: Life in Moderate and Extreme Environments
7.05: Culturing Prokaryotes
7.06: Prokaryotic Biofilms
7.07: Introduction to the Structure of Prokaryotes
7.08: The Prokaryotic Cell
7.09: Archaea vs. Bacteria
7.10: Introduction to Prokaryotic Metabolism
7.11: Needs of Prokaryotes
7.12: How Prokaryotes Get Energy
7.13: Role of Prokaryotes in Ecosystems
7.14: Introduction to Bacterial Diseases in Humans
7.15: Long History of Bacterial Disease
7.16: Biofilms and Foodborne Diseases
7.17: Antibiotic Resistance
7.18: Introduction to Beneficial Prokaryotes
7.19: Nitrogen Fixation
7.20: Food from Bacteria
7.21: Bioremediation
7.22: Microbes and the Human Body
7.23: Putting It Together- Prokaryotes
7.24: Cerego- Prokaryotes
08: Module 5- Protists
8.01: Why It Matters- Protists
8.02: Introduction to the Characteristics of Protists
8.03: Cell Structure and Motility
8.04: Metabolism
8.05: Life Cycles and Habitats
8.06: Introduction to Groups of Protists
8.07: Excavata
8.08: Chromalveolata
8.09: Rhizaria
8.10: Archaeplastida
8.11: Amoebozoa
8.12: Opisthokonta
8.13: Introduction to the Ecology of Protists
8.14: Primary Producers
8.15: Protists as Decomposers
8.16: Pathogenic Protists
8.17: Putting It Together- Protists
8.18: Cerego- Protists
09: Module 6- Fungi
9.01: Why It Matters- Fungi
9.02: Introduction to the Characteristics of Fungi
9.03: Fungal Structure and Habitats
9.04: Nutrition and Growth
9.05: Reproduction
9.06: Introduction to the Classifications of Fungi
9.07: Chytridiomycota- The Chytrids
9.08: Zygomycota- The Conjugated Fungi
9.09: Ascomycota- The Sac Fungi
9.10: Basidiomycota- The Club Fungi
9.11: Glomeromycota
9.12: Deuteromycota- The Imperfect Fungi
9.13: Introduction to the Ecology of Fungi
9.14: Decomposers and Recyclers
9.15: Mutualistic Relationships
9.16: Introduction to Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
9.17: Infections in Plants
9.18: Infections in Humans
9.19: Antifungal Therapy
9.20: Putting It Together- Fungi
9.21: Cerego- Fungi
10: Module 7- Plant Diversity
10.01: Why It Matters- Plant Diversity
10.02: Introduction to Seedless Plants
10.03: Early Plant Life
10.04: Green Algae- Precursors of Land Plants
10.05: Bryophytes
10.06: Seedless Vascular Plants
10.07: Introduction to Seed Plants
10.08: Evolution of Seed Plants
10.09: Gymnosperms
10.10: Angiosperms
10.11: The Role of Seed Plants
10.12: Putting It Together- Plant Diversity
10.13: Cerego- Plant Diversity
11: Module 8- Plant Structure and Function
11.01: Why It Matters- Plant Structure and Function
11.02: Introduction to Plant Structures
11.03: Plant Cells
11.04: Plant Tissues and Organs
11.05: Stems
11.06: Leaves
11.07: Roots
11.08: Introduction to Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
11.09: Water Potential
11.10: Transpiration
11.11: Photosynthates
11.12: Introduction to Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
11.13: Plant Responses to Light
11.14: Plant Responses to Gravity
11.15: Plant Responses to Wind and Touch
11.16: Defense Responses against Herbivores and Pathogens
11.17: Introduction to Plant Growth
11.18: How Plants Grow
11.19: Stem Growth
11.20: Growth Responses
11.21: Introduction to Plant Nutrition
11.22: Nutritional Requirements
11.23: Autotrophic Plants
11.24: Heterotrophic Plants
11.25: Putting It Together- Plant Structure and Function
11.26: Cerego- Plant Structure and Function
12: Module 9- Plant Reproduction
12.01: Why It Matters- Plant Reproduction
12.02: Introduction to Reproductive Development and Structure
12.03: Stages of a Plants Life Cycle
12.04: Flower Structure
12.05: Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
12.06: Sexual Reproduction in Gymnosperms
12.07: Angiosperms versus Gymnosperms
12.08: Introduction to Asexual Reproduction in Plants
12.09: Asexual Plants
12.10: Natural and Artificial Asexual Reproduction
12.11: Plant Life Spans
12.12: Introduction to Sexual Reproduction in Plants
12.13: Self-Pollination and Cross-Pollination
12.14: Methods of Pollination
12.15: Double Fertilization
12.16: Development Seeds and Fruit
12.17: Fruit and Seed Dispersal
12.18: Putting It Together- Plant Reproduction
12.19: Cerego- Plant Reproduction
13: Module 10- Animal Diversity
13.01: Why It Matters- Animal Diversity
13.02: Introduction to the Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom
13.03: Pre-Cambrian Animal Life
13.04: The Cambrian Explosion
13.05: Post-Cambrian Evolution
13.06: Introduction to Animal Phylogeny
13.07: Classifying Animals
13.08: Constructing an Animal Phylogenetic Tree
13.09: Modern Revisions of Phylogeny
13.10: Introduction to Animal Form and Function
13.11: Body Plans
13.12: Limits on Animal Size and Shape
13.13: Animal Bioenergetics
13.14: Introduction to Animal Primary Tissues
13.15: Complex Tissue Structure
13.16: Epithelial Tissues
13.17: Connective Tissues
13.18: Muscle and Nervous Tissues
13.19: Introduction to Animal Reproduction
13.20: Processes of Animal Reproduction and Development
13.21: Embryological Development
13.22: Hox Genes
13.23: Introduction to Homeostasis
13.24: What is Homeostasis
13.25: Control of Homeostasis
13.26: Thermoregulation
13.27: Putting It Together- Animal Diversity
13.28: Cerego- Animal Diversity
14: Module 11- Invertebrates
14.01: Why It Matters- Invertebrates
14.02: Introduction to Phylum Porifera
14.03: Morphology of Sponges
14.04: Physiological Processes in Sponges
14.05: Introduction to Phylum Cnidaria
14.06: Characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria
14.07: Classes in the Phylum Cnidaria
14.08: Introduction to Superphylum Lophotrochozoa
14.09: Characteristics of Superphylum Lophotrochozoa
14.10: Phylum Platyhelminthes
14.11: Phylum Rotifera
14.12: Phylum Nemertea
14.13: Phylum Mollusca
14.14: Phylum Annelida
14.15: Introduction to Superphylum Ecdysozoa
14.16: Phylum Nematoda
14.17: Nematodes in Research
14.18: Phylum Arthropoda
14.19: Subphylums of Arthropoda
14.20: Introduction to Superphylum Deuterostomia
14.21: Characteristics of Superphylum Deuterostomia
14.22: Phylum Echinodermata
14.23: Putting It Together- Invertebrates
14.24: Cerego- Invertebrates
15: Module 12- Vertebrates
15.01: Why It Matters- Vertebrates
15.02: Introduction to Chordates
15.03: Characteristics of Chordates
15.04: Invertebrate Chordates
15.05: Craniates
15.06: Introduction to Fishes
15.07: Jawless Fishes
15.08: Jawed Fishes
15.09: Introduction to Amphibians
15.10: Amphibians
15.11: The Life Cycle of Amphibians
15.12: Clades of Amphibians
15.13: Introduction to Amniotes
15.14: Amniotic Animals
15.15: Evolution of Amniotes
15.16: Introduction to Reptiles
15.17: Characteristics of Reptiles
15.18: Classes of Reptiles
15.19: Evolutionary History of Reptiles
15.20: Introduction to Birds
15.21: Characteristics of Birds
15.22: Evolutionary History of Birds
15.23: Introduction to Mammals
15.24: Mammals
15.25: Primates
15.26: Evolution of Humans
15.27: Putting It Together- Vertebrates
15.28: Cerego- Vertebrates
16: Module 13- Overview of Body Systems
16.01: Why It Matters- Overview of Body Systems
16.02: Introduction to Integration of Systems
16.03: How Bodies Work
16.04: Maintaining Homeostasis
16.05: Blood Calcium and Glucose Levels
16.06: Introduction to Control Systems
16.07: Nervous System
16.08: Endocrine System
16.09: Reproductive System
16.10: Sensory Systems
16.11: Introduction to Cell Maintenance Systems
16.12: Circulatory System
16.13: Respiratory System
16.14: Immune System
16.15: Digestive System
16.16: Introduction to Support Systems
16.17: The Muscular System
16.18: The Skeletal System
16.19: Integumentary System
16.20: Putting It Together- Overview of Body Systems
16.21: Cerego- Overview of Body Systems
17: Module 14- The Nervous System
17.01: Why It Matters- The Nervous System
17.02: Introduction to Components of the Nervous System
17.03: Diversity of Nervous Systems
17.04: The Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
17.05: Neurons
17.06: Neurogenesis
17.07: Glial Cells
17.08: Introduction to Neuron Communication
17.09: Resting Membrane Potential
17.10: Action Potential
17.11: Chemical and Electrical Synapses
17.12: Signal Summation
17.13: Synaptic Plasticity
17.14: Introduction to the Central Nervous System
17.15: Components of the Central Nervous System
17.16: Brain
17.17: Spinal Cord
17.18: Introduction to the Peripheral Nervous System
17.19: Autonomic Nervous System
17.20: Sensory-Somatic Nervous System
17.21: Introduction to Nervous System Disorders
17.22: Neurodegenerative Disorders
17.23: Neurodevelopmental Disorders
17.24: Mental Illnesses
17.25: Other Neurological Disorders
17.26: Putting It Together- The Nervous System
17.27: Cerego- The Nervous System
18: Module 15- The Endocrine System
18.01: Why It Matters- The Endocrine System
18.02: Introduction to Types of Hormones
18.03: Lipid-Derived Hormones
18.04: Amino Acid-Derived Hormones
18.05: Peptide Hormones
18.06: Hormone Regulation
18.07: Introduction to How Hormones Work
18.08: Hormones
18.09: Intracellular Hormone Receptors
18.10: Plasma Membrane Hormone Receptors
18.11: Introduction to Regulation of Body Processes
18.12: Hormonal Regulation of the Excretory System
18.13: Hormonal Regulation of the Reproductive System
18.14: Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism
18.15: Blood Calcium Levels and Growth
18.16: Hormonal Regulation of Stress
18.17: Introduction to Endocrine Glands
18.18: Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis
18.19: Thyroids
18.20: Adrenal Glands
18.21: The Pancreas Pineal Gland and Gonads
18.22: Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions
18.23: Putting It Together- The Endocrine System
18.24: Cerego- The Endocrine System
19: Module 16- The Reproductive System
19.01: Why It Matters- The Reproductive System
19.02: Introduction to Reproduction Methods
19.03: Asexual Reproduction
19.04: Sexual Reproduction
19.05: Introduction to Human Reproductive Anatomy
19.06: Male Reproductive Anatomy
19.07: Female Reproductive Anatomy
19.08: Sexual Response
19.09: Gametogenesis
19.10: Introduction to Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
19.11: Reproductive Hormones
19.12: The Ovarian Cycle the Menstrual Cycle and Menopause
19.13: Introduction to Fertilization
19.14: Fertilization
19.15: External and Internal Fertilization
19.16: The Evolution of Reproduction
19.17: Introduction to Early Embryonic Development
19.18: Cleavage and Blastula Stage
19.19: Gastrulation
19.20: Organogenesis
19.21: Vertebrate Axis Formation
19.22: Introduction to Human Pregnancy and Birth
19.23: Human Gestation
19.24: Labor and Birth
19.25: Contraception and Birth Control
19.26: Infertility
19.27: Putting It Together- The Reproductive System
19.28: Cerego- The Reproductive System
20: Module 17- Sensory Systems
20.01: Why It Matters- The Sensory Systems
20.02: Introduction to the Senses
20.03: Human Senses
20.04: Sensation
20.05: Just-Noticeable Difference
20.06: Introduction to Somatosensation
20.07: Somatosensory Receptors
20.08: Thermoreception and Pain
20.09: Introduction to Taste and Smell
20.10: Tastes and Odors
20.11: Tastes
20.12: Smell and Taste in the Brain
20.13: Introduction to Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
20.14: Sound and Reception
20.15: Transduction of Sound
20.16: Vestibular Information
20.17: Introduction to Vision
20.18: Light
20.19: Anatomy of the Eye
20.20: Transduction of Light
20.21: Vision in the Brain
20.22: Putting It Together- The Sensory System
20.23: Cerego- Sensory Systems
21: Module 18- The Circulatory System
21.01: Why It Matters- The Circulatory System
21.02: Introduction to the Circulatory System
21.03: Circulatory System Architecture
21.04: Circulatory System Variation in Animals
21.05: Introduction to Structure and Function of Blood
21.06: The Role of Blood in the Body
21.07: Blood Cells
21.08: Components of Blood
21.09: Introduction to the Mammalian Heart
21.10: Structure of the Heart
21.11: The Cardiac Cycle
21.12: Introduction to Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
21.13: Blood Vessels
21.14: Blood Circulation
21.15: Blood Pressure
21.16: Putting It Together- The Circulatory System
21.17: Cerego- The Circulatory System
22: Module 19- The Respiratory System
22.01: Why It Matters- The Respiratory System
22.02: Introduction to Systems of Gas Exchange
22.03: Different Types of Respiratory Systems
22.04: Mammalian Systems
22.05: Protective Mechanisms
22.06: Introduction to Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
22.07: Breathing Capacity
22.08: Gas Pressure and Respiration
22.09: Gas Exchange across the Alveoli
22.10: Introduction to Breathing
22.11: Types of Breathing
22.12: The Mechanics of Human Breathing
22.13: The Work of Breathing
22.14: Dead Space
22.15: Introduction to Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
22.16: Transport of Oxygen in the Blood
22.17: Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
22.18: Putting It Together- The Respiratory System
22.19: Cerego- The Respiratory System
23: Module 20- The Immune System
23.01: Why It Matters- The Immune System
23.02: Introduction to the Innate Immune Response
23.03: Physical and Chemical Barriers
23.04: Pathogen Recognition
23.05: Natural Killer Cells
23.06: Complement System
23.07: Introduction to the Adaptive Immune Response
23.08: Antigen-Presenting Cells
23.09: T and B Lymphocytes
23.10: Mucosal Surfaces and Immune Tolerance
23.11: Immunological Memory
23.12: Primary Centers of the Immune System
23.13: Introduction to Antibodies
23.14: Antibody Structure
23.15: Antibody Classes
23.16: Antibody Functions
23.17: Disruptions in the Immune System
23.18: Putting It Together- The Immune System
23.19: Cerego- The Immune System
24: Module 21- The Digestive System
24.01: Why It Matters- The Digestive System
24.02: Introduction to Digestive Systems
24.03: Herbivores Carnivores and Omnivores
24.04: Invertebrates and Vertebrate Digestive Systems
24.05: Parts of the Digestive System
24.06: Introduction to Nutrition and Energy Production
24.07: Food Requirements
24.08: Essential Nutrients
24.09: Food Energy and ATP
24.10: Introduction to Digestive System Processes and Regulation
24.11: Digestive System Processes
24.12: Neural Responses to Food
24.13: Hormonal Responses to Food
24.14: Putting It Together- The Digestive System
24.15: Cerego- The Digestive System
25: Module 22- The Excretory System
25.01: Why It Matters- The Excretory System
25.02: Introduction to Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance