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Biology

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Biology

Science and TechnologyK-12 Education
Author
CK-12 Foundation
Publisher
LibreTexts
Source
LibreTexts
License
CK-12
Language
EN
Category
Basic Sciences
Read online Download PDF (open licence)
Contents· 339 sections
  1. 01: Introduction to Biology
  2. 1.01: Carbohydrates
  3. 1.02: Proteins
  4. 1.03: Lipids
  5. 1.04: Nucleic Acids
  6. 1.05: Biochemical Reactions
  7. 1.06: Energy and Biochemical Reactions
  8. 1.07: Types of Biochemical Reactions
  9. 1.08: Enzymes
  10. 1.09: Enzyme Function
  11. 1.10: Water and Life
  12. 1.11: Scientific Method
  13. 1.12: Acids and Bases
  14. 1.13: Experiment
  15. 1.14: Scientific Theories
  16. 1.15: Characteristics of Life
  17. 1.16: Principles of Biology
  18. 1.17: Interdependence of Living Things
  19. 1.18: Organization of Living Things
  20. 1.19: Evolution of Life
  21. 1.20: Significance of Carbon
  22. 02: Cell Biology
  23. 2.01: Cell Organization
  24. 2.02: Diffusion
  25. 2.03: Osmosis
  26. 2.04: Passive Transport
  27. 2.05: Active Transport
  28. 2.06: Sodium-Potassium Pump
  29. 2.07: Exocytosis and Endocytosis
  30. 2.08: Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
  31. 2.09: Glucose and ATP
  32. 2.10: Chloroplast
  33. 2.11: Parts of the Cell
  34. 2.12: Leaves and Photosynthesis
  35. 2.13: Photosynthesis
  36. 2.14: Calvin Cycle
  37. 2.15: Photosynthesis Summary
  38. 2.16: Chemosynthesis
  39. 2.17: Cellular Respiration
  40. 2.18: Glycolysis
  41. 2.19: Krebs Cycle
  42. 2.20: Electron Transport
  43. 2.21: Fermentation
  44. 2.22: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
  45. 2.23: Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration
  46. 2.24: Cell Division
  47. 2.25: Cell Cycle
  48. 2.26: Chromosomes
  49. 2.27: Mitosis
  50. 2.28: Reproduction
  51. 2.29: Meiosis
  52. 2.30: Gametogenesis
  53. 2.31: Genetic Variation
  54. 2.32: Life Cycle
  55. 2.33: Phospholipid Bilayer
  56. 2.34: Membrane Proteins
  57. 2.35: Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton
  58. 2.36: Nucleus
  59. 2.37: Ribosomes and Mitochondria
  60. 2.38: Cell Structure
  61. 2.39: Plant Cell Structure
  62. 03: Genetics
  63. 3.01: Genetic Linkage
  64. 3.02: Mendelian Inheritance
  65. 3.03: Genetic Disorders
  66. 3.04: Biotechnology
  67. 3.05: Biotechnology Applications
  68. 3.06: Ethical Legal and Social Issues in Biotechnology (ELSI)
  69. 3.07: Pea Plants
  70. 3.08: Mendel's First Experiment
  71. 3.09: Mendel's Second Experiment
  72. 3.10: Mendel's Laws
  73. 3.11: Probability
  74. 3.12: Punnett Squares
  75. 3.13: Non-Mendelian Inheritance
  76. 3.14: Human Genome
  77. 3.15: Human Chromosomes
  78. 04: Molecular Biology
  79. 4.01: Mutation Effects
  80. 4.02: Gene Expression
  81. 4.03: Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
  82. 4.04: Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
  83. 4.05: Central Dogma
  84. 4.06: DNA
  85. 4.07: DNA Structure and Replication
  86. 4.08: RNA
  87. 4.09: Transcription
  88. 4.10: Genetic Code
  89. 4.11: Translation
  90. 4.12: Mutation
  91. 4.13: Mutation Causes
  92. 05: Evolution
  93. 5.01: Classification
  94. 5.02: Phylogeny and Cladistics
  95. 5.03: Darwin
  96. 5.04: Influences on Darwin
  97. 5.05: Theory of Evolution
  98. 5.06: Fossils
  99. 5.07: Comparative Anatomy
  100. 5.08: Biogeography
  101. 5.09: Population Genetics
  102. 5.10: Hardy-Weinberg
  103. 5.11: History of Life
  104. 5.12: Forces of Evolution
  105. 5.13: Natural Selection
  106. 5.14: Origin of Species
  107. 5.15: Coevolution
  108. 5.16: Macroevolution
  109. 5.17: Animal Evolution
  110. 5.18: Formation of Earth
  111. 5.19: First Organic Molecules
  112. 5.20: First Cell
  113. 5.21: Eukaryote Evolution
  114. 5.22: Late Precambrian
  115. 5.23: Paleozoic Era
  116. 5.24: Mesozoic Era
  117. 5.25: Cenozoic Era
  118. 06: Ecology
  119. 6.01: Aquatic Biomes
  120. 6.02: Freshwater and Wetland Biomes
  121. 6.03: Aquatic Organisms
  122. 6.04: Predation
  123. 6.05: Competition
  124. 6.06: Symbiosis
  125. 6.07: Succession
  126. 6.08: Population
  127. 6.09: Population Structure
  128. 6.10: Population Growth
  129. 6.11: Ecosystems
  130. 6.12: Population Growth Patterns
  131. 6.13: Human Population
  132. 6.14: Demographic Transition
  133. 6.15: Recent and Future Population Growth
  134. 6.16: Biodiversity
  135. 6.17: Importance of Biodiversity
  136. 6.18: Mass Extinction
  137. 6.19: Resources
  138. 6.20: Soil and Water
  139. 6.21: Air Pollution
  140. 6.22: Energy Flow
  141. 6.23: Global Warming
  142. 6.24: Food Chain
  143. 6.25: Trophic Level
  144. 6.26: Water Cycle
  145. 6.27: Carbon Cycle
  146. 6.28: Nitrogen Cycle
  147. 6.29: Biomes and Climate
  148. 6.30: Terrestrial Biomes
  149. 07: Prokaryotes and Viruses
  150. 7.01: Virus Structure
  151. 7.02: Virus Classification
  152. 7.03: Virus Origin
  153. 7.04: Virus Replication
  154. 7.05: Viral Disease
  155. 7.06: HIV
  156. 7.07: Virus Control
  157. 7.08: Viruses in Research
  158. 7.09: Prokaryotes
  159. 7.10: Bacteria Classification
  160. 7.11: Bacteria Structure
  161. 7.12: Bacteria Nutrition
  162. 7.13: Bacteria Habitat
  163. 7.14: Bacteria Reproduction
  164. 7.15: Bacteria and Humans
  165. 7.16: Viruses
  166. 7.17: Virus Characteristics
  167. 08: Protists and Fungi
  168. 8.01: Fungi Reproduction
  169. 8.02: Fungi Evolution
  170. 8.03: Fungi Classification
  171. 8.04: 8.13 Fungi Nutrition
  172. 8.05: Fungi Symbiosis
  173. 8.06: Use of Fungi
  174. 8.07: Fungi Diseases
  175. 8.08: Protists
  176. 8.09: Protist Evolution
  177. 8.10: Protist Characteristics
  178. 8.11: Protozoa
  179. 8.12: Algae
  180. 8.13: Mold
  181. 8.14: Protists and Disease
  182. 8.15: Fungi
  183. 8.16: Fungi Structure
  184. 09: Plants
  185. 9.01: Angiosperm
  186. 9.02: Plant Cell
  187. 9.03: Plant Tissue
  188. 9.04: Plant Growth
  189. 9.05: Roots
  190. 9.06: Stems
  191. 9.07: Leaves
  192. 9.08: Plant Reproduction and Life Cycle
  193. 9.09: Life Cycle of Nonvascular Plants
  194. 9.10: Life Cycle of Seedless Vascular Plants
  195. 9.11: Plant Characteristics
  196. 9.12: Life Cycle of Gymnosperms
  197. 9.13: Life Cycle of Angiosperms
  198. 9.14: Plant Adaptations
  199. 9.15: Plant Responses
  200. 9.16: Importance of Plants
  201. 9.17: Plant Life Cycle
  202. 9.18: Plant Evolution
  203. 9.19: Seed Plant Evolution
  204. 9.20: Plant Classification
  205. 9.21: Nonvascular Plants
  206. 9.22: Vascular Plants
  207. 9.23: Seed Plants
  208. 10: Animals
  209. 10.01: Animals
  210. 10.02: Animal Classification
  211. 10.03: Animal Behavior Evolution
  212. 10.04: Innate Behavior
  213. 10.05: Learned Behavior
  214. 10.06: Social Behavior
  215. 10.07: Cyclic Behavior
  216. 10.08: Reproductive Behavior
  217. 11: Invertebrates
  218. 11.01: Arthropods
  219. 11.02: Insects
  220. 11.03: Echinoderms
  221. 11.04: Invertebrate Chordates
  222. 11.05: Invertebrate Diversity
  223. 11.06: Invertebrate Evolution
  224. 11.07: Invertebrate Classification
  225. 11.08: Sponges
  226. 11.09: Cnidarians
  227. 11.10: Flatworms
  228. 11.11: Roundworms
  229. 11.12: Mollusks
  230. 11.13: Annelids
  231. 12: Vertebrates
  232. 12.01: Amphibian Structure and Function
  233. 12.02: Amphibian Reproduction
  234. 12.03: Amphibian Classification
  235. 12.04: Amphibian Evolution and Ecology
  236. 12.05: Reptile Structure and Function
  237. 12.06: Reptile Reproduction
  238. 12.07: Reptile Classification
  239. 12.08: Reptile Evolution
  240. 12.09: Reptile Ecology
  241. 12.10: Bird Structure and Function
  242. 12.11: Chordates
  243. 12.12: Bird Reproduction
  244. 12.13: Bird Classification
  245. 12.14: Bird Evolution
  246. 12.15: Bird Ecology
  247. 12.16: Mammal Overview
  248. 12.17: Mammal Structure and Function
  249. 12.18: Endothermy
  250. 12.19: Locomotion
  251. 12.20: Placental Mammals
  252. 12.21: Marsupials
  253. 12.22: Vertebrate Diversity
  254. 12.23: Monotremes
  255. 12.24: Mammal Ancestors
  256. 12.25: Mammal Evolution
  257. 12.26: Mammal Classification
  258. 12.27: Vertebrate Reproduction
  259. 12.28: Vertebrate Classification
  260. 12.29: Vertebrate Evolution
  261. 12.30: Fish
  262. 12.31: Fish Reproduction
  263. 12.32: Fish Classification
  264. 12.33: Fish Evolution and Ecology
  265. 13: Human Biology
  266. 13.01: Muscle Contraction
  267. 13.02: Skin
  268. 13.03: Nails and Hair
  269. 13.04: Neuron
  270. 13.05: Nerve Impulse
  271. 13.06: Central Nervous System
  272. 13.07: Peripheral Nervous System
  273. 13.08: Senses
  274. 13.09: Drugs and the Nervous System
  275. 13.10: Nervous System Diseases
  276. 13.11: Human Body
  277. 13.12: Endocrine Glands
  278. 13.13: Hormone
  279. 13.14: Hormone Regulation
  280. 13.15: Endocrine System Diseases
  281. 13.16: Heart
  282. 13.17: Blood Vessels
  283. 13.18: Circulatory System
  284. 13.19: Cardiovascular Diseases
  285. 13.20: Blood
  286. 13.21: Respiratory System
  287. 13.22: Homeostasis
  288. 13.23: Respiratory System Organs
  289. 13.24: Breathing
  290. 13.25: Regulation of Breathing
  291. 13.26: Respiratory System Disorders
  292. 13.27: Digestive System Organs
  293. 13.28: Digestive System
  294. 13.29: Small Intestine
  295. 13.30: Large Intestine
  296. 13.31: Digestive System Diseases
  297. 13.32: Food and Nutrients
  298. 13.33: Skeletal System
  299. 13.34: Balanced Eating
  300. 13.35: Excretory System
  301. 13.36: Urinary System
  302. 13.37: Kidneys
  303. 13.38: Excretory System Diseases
  304. 13.39: Innate Immune System
  305. 13.40: Inflammatory Response
  306. 13.41: Lymphatic System
  307. 13.42: Humoral Response
  308. 13.43: Cell-Mediated Response
  309. 13.44: Bones
  310. 13.45: Immunity
  311. 13.46: Allergies
  312. 13.47: Autoimmune Disease
  313. 13.48: Immunodeficiency
  314. 13.49: HIV AIDS
  315. 13.50: Carcinogens and Cancer
  316. 13.51: Air Pollution and Illness
  317. 13.52: Bioterrorism
  318. 13.53: Male Reproductive Organs
  319. 13.54: Male Reproductive Development
  320. 13.55: Bone Growth
  321. 13.56: Sperm
  322. 13.57: Female Reproductive Organs
  323. 13.58: Female Reproductive Development
  324. 13.59: Egg Cells
  325. 13.60: Menstrual Cycle
  326. 13.61: Fertilization
  327. 13.62: Embryo Growth
  328. 13.63: Prenatal Development
  329. 13.64: The Placenta
  330. 13.65: Pregnancy
  331. 13.66: Joints
  332. 13.67: Birth to Adulthood
  333. 13.68: Adulthood
  334. 13.69: STIs
  335. 13.70: Bacterial STIs
  336. 13.71: Viral STIs
  337. 13.72: Skeletal Diseases
  338. 13.73: Muscles
  339. 13.74: Skeletal Muscles