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CH 215: Chemistry of the Elements, Fall 2023

Chemistry

Author: Kathryn Newton
Publisher: Northern Michigan University
Source: LibreTexts
Language: EN
Category: Basic Sciences

Read online Download PDF (open licence)

Contents· 147 sections

01: Atoms and Electronic Structure
1.01: Quantum Mechanics and Wavefunctions
1.02: Quantum Numbers
1.03: Probability Density and Nodes
1.04: Representations of Atomic Orbitals
1.05: Energies of Atomic Orbitals
1.06: Rules Governing Ground State Electron Configurations
1.07: How to Write a Ground State Electron Configuration
1.08: Magnetic Properties
1.09: Electron Configurations for Transition Metal Elements
1.10: The Periodic Table and Periodic Properties
1.11: Atomic Radius
1.12: Ionization Energy
1.13: Electron Affinity
1.14: Other Periodic Properties of Atoms
1.15: Effective Nuclear Charge and Shielding
1.16: Slater's Rules
1.17: Periodic Trends and Effective Nuclear Charge
1.18: The Effects of Shielding on Periodic Properties
02: Acid-Base and Donor-Acceptor Chemistry
2.01: Definitions of Acid and Base
2.02: Electronegativity
2.03: Acid-Base Theories and Concepts
2.04: Arrhenius Concept
2.05: Brnsted-Lowry Acid-Base Concept
2.5.01: Definitions of Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
2.5.02: Cations Act as Brnsted Acids in Water
2.5.03: Factor Affecting Brnsted Acidity and Basicity
2.5.04: Oxoacids and Oxoanions
2.5.05: Acidity of Binary Hydrides
2.5.06: Brnsted-Lowry Superacids and the Hammett Acidity Function
2.5.07: Acid-Base Chemistry in Amphoteric Solvents and the Solvent Leveling Effect
2.06: 2.5 Lewis Acid-Base Concept
2.6.01: 2.5.1 Lewis Acid-Base Neutralization
2.6.02: 2.5.2 Non-Aqueous Acid Base Systems
2.07: The Hard-Soft Acid-Base Concept
2.7.01: Origin of the Hard-Soft Acid-Base Concept
2.7.02: Pearson's Hard-Soft Acid-Base Concept
03: Covalent Bonding Models and Molecular Orbital Theory
3.01: Lewis Electron-Dot Diagrams
3.1.01: Resonance
3.1.02: Breaking the octet rule with higher electron counts (hypervalent atoms)
3.1.03: Formal Charge
3.1.04: Lewis Fails to Predict Unusual Cases - Boron and Beryllium
3.02: Valence Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion
3.2.01: Lone Pair Repulsion
3.2.02: Multiple Bonds
3.03: Valence Bond Theory - Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
3.04: Molecular Orbital Theory
3.4.01: Formation of Molecular Orbitals from Atomic Orbitals
3.4.02: Molecular Orbitals from s Orbitals
3.4.03: Molecular Orbitals from p Orbitals
3.4.04: Molecular orbitals from d orbitals
3.4.05: Nonbonding Orbitals and Other Factors
3.4.06: Features of Molecular Orbital Diagrams
3.4.07: Diatomic Molecules of the First and Second Periods
3.4.08: Molecular Orbitals of Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
3.4.09: Ionic Compounds and Molecular Orbitals
04: Reactivity- Redox Chemistry
4.01: Redox Reactions
4.02: Definitions of Oxidation and Reduction
4.03: Oxidation Numbers and Redox Reactions
4.04: Oxidation Numbers and Formal Charge
4.05: Balancing Redox Reactions
4.06: Balancing Redox Reactions - Exercises
4.07: Electrochemical Cells
4.08: Standard Reduction Potentials
4.09: Thermodynamic Considerations
4.10: General Trends in Redox Reactivity
4.11: Latimer Diagrams
4.12: Pourbaix Diagrams
05: Solids and Solid-State Chemistry
5.01: The Solid State of Matter
5.02: Lattice Structures in Metallic Solids
5.03: Lattice Structures in Ionic Solids
5.04: Alloys and Crystal Defects
5.05: Ionic Lattices
5.5.01: Structure - Rock Salt (NaCl)
5.5.02: Structure - Caesium Chloride (CsCl)
5.5.03: Structure - Zinc Blende (ZnS)
5.5.04: Structure - Fluorite and Antifluorite
5.5.05: Structure - -Cristobalite (SiO)
5.5.06: Spinel Perovskite and Rutile Structures
5.06: Work Hardening Alloying and Annealing
5.07: Properties of Unit Cells
5.08: Enthalpy of Hydration
5.09: Enthalpy of Solution
5.10: Lattice Energy - The Born-Haber cycle
5.11: Lattice Energy - Madelung Constants
5.12: Basic Science of Nanomaterials
5.12.01: Prelude to Basic Science of Nanomaterials
5.12.02: Physics and Length Scales- Cavity Laser Coulomb Blockade Nanoscale Magnets
5.12.03: Semiconductor Quantum Dots
5.12.04: Synthesis of Semiconductor Nanocrystals
5.12.05: Surface Energy
5.12.06: Nanoscale Metal Particles
5.12.07: Applications of Nanomaterials
5.12.08: Discussion Questions
5.12.09: Problems
5.12.10: References
5.13: Bonding in Metals and Semicondoctors
5.13A: Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity
5.13B: Band Theory of Metals and Insulators
5.13C: The Fermi Level
5.13D: Band Theory of Semiconductors
5.14: Bonding in Metals
5.15: Bonding in Metals Semiconductors and Insulators Band Structure
06: Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
6.01: Introduction to Coordination Chemistry
6.02: What is a Complex Ion
6.03: Coordination Numbers and Geometry
6.04: Isomers
6.4.01: Geometric Isomerism
6.4.1.01: Cis-platin
6.4.02: Optical Isomers in Inorganic Complexes
6.4.2.01: Optical Isomers- Enantiomers with Bidentate Ligands
6.4.03: Coordination Isomerism
6.4.04: Linkage Isomerism
6.4.05: Ionization Isomerism
6.4.06: Structural Isomerism - Hydration Isomers
6.05: Nomenclature of Coordination Complexes
6.06: Ligands
6.07: Electronic Configurations
6.08: Bonding Theories
6.09: Crystal Field Theory
6.10: Factors Affecting Electronic Structure
6.11: Crystal Field Stabilization Energy
6.12: Colors of Coordination Complexes
6.13: Complex-Ion Equilibria
6.14: The Chelate Effect
6.16: Hard and Soft Acids and Bases
6.17: Complex Ion Chemistry
6.17.01: Acidity of the Hexaaqua Ions
6.17.02: Ligand Exchange Reactions (Introduction)
6.17.03: Ligand Exchange Reactions (Thermodynamics)
6.17.04: Reactions of the Hexaaqua Ions with Ammonia
6.17.05: Reactions of the Hexaaqua Ions with Carbonate Ions
6.17.06: Reactions of the Hexaaqua Ions with Hydroxide Ions
6.17.07: Stereoisomerism in complex ions
6.18: Crystal Field Theory
6.18.01: Metals Tetrahedral and Octahedral
6.18.02: Non-octahedral Complexes
6.18.03: Octahedral vs. Tetrahedral Geometries
6.18.04: Tetrahedral vs. Square Planar Complexes
6.18.05: Thermodynamics and Structural Consequences of d-Orbital Splitting
07: Descriptive Chemistry
7.01: Electron Configuration of Transition Metals