Nguồn ngoài

MKBN211: Introductory Microbiology

Biology

Tác giả: Jaco Bezuidenhout
Nhà xuất bản: Northwest University
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

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Mục lục· 276 mục

01: Evolution of Microbiology
1.01: Introduction to Microbiology
1.1.01: Defining Microbes
1.1.02: History of Microbiology - Hooke van Leeuwenhoek and Cohn
1.1.03: Pasteur and Spontaneous Generation
1.1.04: Koch and Pure Culture
1.1.4.01: Koch’s Postulates
1.1.4.02: Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates
1.02: Microbes and the World
1.2.01: Types of Microorganisms
1.2.02: Classification of Microorganisms
1.2.03: Microbes and the Origin of Life on Earth
1.2.04: Environmental Diversity of Microbes
1.03: The Science of Microbiology
1.3.01: Basic Microbiology
1.3.02: Applied Microbiology
1.3.03: Immunization Antiseptics and Antibiotics
1.3.04: Modern Microbiology
02: Microscopy
2.01: Looking at Microbes
2.1.01: Microbe Size
2.1.02: Units of Measurement for Microbes
2.1.03: Refraction and Magnification
2.1.04: Magnification and Resolution
2.02: General Staining Methods
2.03: Microscopy
2.04: Other Types of Microscopy
2.4.01: Dark-Field Microscopy
2.4.02: Phase-Contrast Microscopy
2.4.03: Interference Microscopy
2.4.04: Fluorescence Microscopy
2.4.05: Confocal Micropscopy
2.4.06: Electron Microscopy
2.4.07: Scanned-Probe Microscopy
2.4.08: X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
03: Cell Structure of Bacteria Archaea and Eukaryotes
3.01: Overview of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
3.1.01: Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells
3.02: The Cytoplasmic Membrane of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
3.2.01: Components of Plasma Membranes
3.03: Transport Across the Cell Membrane
3.3.01: Facilitated Transport
3.3.02: Primary Active Transport
3.3.03: ABC Transporters
3.3.04: Siderophores
3.3.05: Group Translocation
3.04: Cell Walls of Prokaryotes
3.4.01: The Cell Wall of Bacteria
3.4.02: Gram-Negative Outer Membrane
3.4.03: Gram-Positive Cell Envelope
3.4.04: Mycoplasmas and Other Cell-Wall-Deficient Bacteria
3.4.05: Cell Walls of Archaea
3.4.06: Damage of the Cell Wall
3.05: Specialized External Structures of Prokaryotes
3.5.01: Endospores
3.06: Specialized Internal Structures of Prokaryotes
3.6.01: Ribosomes
3.6.02: Cell Inclusions and Storage Granules
3.6.03: Carboxysomes
3.6.04: Magnetosomes
3.6.05: Gas Vesicles
3.07: Internal Structures of Eukaryotic Cells
3.7.01: The Nucleus and Ribosomes
3.7.02: Mitochondria
3.7.03: Comparing Plant and Animal Cells
3.7.04: The Endoplasmic Reticulum
3.7.05: The Golgi Apparatus
3.08: Other Eukaryotic Components
3.8.01: Peroxisomes
3.8.02: Lysosomes
3.8.03: Intermediate Filaments and Microtubules
3.8.04: Extracellular Matrix of Animal Cells
3.09: Protein Export and Secretion
3.9.01: Endocytosis
3.10: Studying Cells
3.10.01: Microscopy
3.10.02: Crystallographic Analysis
3.10.03: Genetic Analysis
04: Viruses
4.01: Overview of Viruses
4.1.01: Discovery and Detection of Viruses
4.1.02: Nature of the Virion
4.1.03: Viral Genomes
4.1.04: Host Range
4.1.05: Viral Size
4.02: Structure of Viruses
4.2.01: Viral Morphology
4.2.02: General Morphology
4.2.03: Complex and Asymmetrical Virus Particles
4.03: Classifying Viruses
4.3.01: The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
4.3.02: The Baltimore Virus Classification
4.3.03: Evolution of Viruses
4.3.04: Medical Importance of Viruses
4.04: Culturing Viruses
4.4.01: Batch Culture of Bacteriophages
4.4.02: Tissue Culture of Animal Viruses
4.4.03: Inoculation of Live Animals
4.4.04: Viral Identification
4.05: Viral Replication
4.5.01: General Features of Virus Replication
4.5.02: Steps of Virus Infections
4.5.03: Tissue Tropism in Animal Viruses
4.5.04: Animal Viruses
4.5.05: Plant Virus Life Cycles
4.06: Subviral Entities
4.6.01: Defective Viruses
4.6.02: Viroids
4.6.03: Prions
4.07: Viral Diversity
4.7.01: Overview of Bacterial Viruses
4.7.02: RNA Bacteriophages
4.7.03: Single-Stranded DNA Bacteriophages
4.7.04: Double-Stranded DNA Bacteriophages
4.7.05: Mu- A Double-Stranded Transposable DNA Bacteriophage
4.7.06: Virulent Bacteriophages and T4
4.7.07: Temperate Bacteriophages - Lambda and P1
4.7.08: Viruses of Archaea
4.08: Positive-Strand RNA Viruses in Animals
4.8.01: Positive-Strand RNA Viruses of Animals
4.8.02: Virus Attachment and Genome Entry
4.8.03: Viral Replication and Gene Expression
4.8.04: Viral Exit
4.09: Negative-Strand RNA Viruses in Animals
4.9.01: Negative-Strand RNA Viruses of Animals
4.9.02: Attachment and Entry to the Host Cell
4.9.03: Replicative Cycle of Influenza A
4.10: 9. 10- Retroviruses- Double-Stranded RNA Viruses
4.10.01: Double-Stranded RNA Viruses - Retroviruses
4.10.02: HIV Attachment and Host Cell Entry
4.10.03: Retroviral RNA Genome
4.10.04: Replicative Cycle of HIV
4.11: 9. 11- DNA Viruses in Eukaryotes
4.11.01: Plant DNA Viruses
4.11.02: Replication of Double-Stranded DNA Viruses of Animals
4.11.03: Double-Stranded DNA Viruses - Herpesviruses
4.11.04: Attachment and Entry of Herpes Simplex
4.11.05: Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus
4.11.06: Immunodeficiency
4.11.07: Double-Stranded DNA Viruses - Pox Viruses
4.11.08: Double-Stranded DNA Viruses- Adenoviruses
4.11.09: Retroviruses and Hepadnavirus
4.11.10: Treatment of Animal Viral Infections
4.12: 9. 12- Viruses and Cancer
4.12.01: Cancer Viruses
4.12.02: DNA Oncogenic Viruses
4.12.03: RNA Oncogenic Viruses
4.13: 9. 13- Viral Ecology
4.13.01: Emergence of Viral Pathogens
4.13.02: Viral Roles in Ecosystems
05: Eukaryotic Microorganisms
5.01: Protozoa
5.1.01: Characteristics of Protozoa
5.1.02: Medically Important Protozoa
5.1.03: Protozoa (Exercises)
5.02: Fungi
5.2.01: Overview of Fungi
5.2.02: Yeasts
5.2.03: Molds
5.2.04: Fungal Pathogenicity
5.2.05: Chemotherapeutic Control of Fungi
5.2.06: Fungi (Exercises)
06: Culturing Microorganisms
6.01: Microbial Nutrition
6.1.01: Chemical Analysis of Microbial Cytoplasm
6.1.02: Sources of Essential Nutrients
6.1.03: Limitation of Microbial Growth by Nutrient Supply
6.02: Cell Differentiation and Starvation
6.2.01: Activation of Starvation by Survival Genes
6.2.02: Oligotrophs
6.2.03: Starvation-Induced Fruiting Bodies
6.2.04: Bacterial Differentiation
6.03: Culturing Bacteria
6.3.01: Culture Media
6.3.02: Complex and Synthetic Media
6.3.03: Selective and Differential Media
6.3.04: Aseptic Technique, Dilution, Streaking, and Spread Plates
6.3.05: Special Culture Techniques
6.04: Microbial Culture Methods
6.4.01: Enrichment and Isolation
6.4.02: Pure Culture
6.4.03: Preserving Bacterial Cultures
6.4.04: The FISH Technique
6.4.05: Coupling Specific Genes to Specific Organisms Using PCR
6.05: Bacterial Population Growth
6.5.01: Chemical Assays, Radioisotopic Methods, and Microelectrodes
6.5.02: Stable Isotopes
6.06: Microbial Growth
6.6.01: Binary Fission
6.6.02: Fts Proteins and Cell Division
6.6.03: MreB and Determinants of Cell Morphology
6.6.04: Peptidoglycan Synthesis and Cell Division
6.6.05: Generation Time
6.07: Bacterial Population Growth
6.7.01: Microbial Growth Cycle
6.7.02: Growth Terminology
6.08: Counting Bacteria
6.8.01: Direct Counting
6.8.02: Viable Cell Counting
6.8.03: Measurements of Microbial Mass
6.8.04: Detecting Acid and Gas Production
6.09: Temperature and Microbial Growth
6.9.01: Growth Rate and Temperature
6.9.02: Classification of Microorganisms by Growth Temperature
6.9.03: The Heat-Shock Response
6.10: 6. 10- Other Environmental Growth Factors
6.10.01: Gas Requirements
6.10.02: Osmotic Pressure
6.10.03: Microbial Growth at Low or High pH
6.10.04: Oxygen
6.11: 6. 11- Microbial Growth in Communities
6.11.01: Ecological Associations Among Microorganisms
6.11.02: Biofilms
6.12: 6. 12- Control in Microbial Death
6.12.01: Considerations in Microbial Control
6.12.02: Rate of Microbial Death
6.12.03: Relative Resistance of Microbes
6.13: 6. 13- Mechanisms of Microbial Control
6.13.01: Alteration of Membrane Permeability
6.13.02: Damage to Proteins and Nucleic Acids
6.14: 6. 14- Physical Antimicrobial Control
6.14.01: Heat
6.14.02: Radiation
6.14.03: Low Temperatures
6.14.04: High Pressure
6.14.05: Desiccation
6.14.06: Osmotic Pressure
6.14.07: Filtration
6.15: 6. 15- Chemical Antimicrobial Control
6.15.01: Effective Disinfection
6.15.02: Factors that Affect Germicidal Activity of Chemicals
6.15.03: Types of Disinfectants
6.15.04: Biological Control of Microbes
07: Antimicrobial Drugs
7.01: Overview of Antimicrobial Therapy
7.1.01: Origins of Antimicrobial Drugs
7.1.02: Antibiotic Discovery
7.1.03: Antibiotics and Selective Toxicity
7.1.04: Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity
7.1.05: Antibiotic Classifications
7.02: Functions of Antimicrobial Drugs
7.2.01: Inhibiting Cell Wall Synthesis
7.2.02: Injuring the Plasma Membrane
7.2.03: Inhibiting Nucleic Acid Synthesis
7.2.04: Inhibiting Protein Synthesis
7.2.05: Inhibiting Essential Metabolite Synthesis
7.03: Commonly Used Antimicrobial Drugs
7.3.01: Synthetic Antimicrobial Drugs
7.3.02: Naturally Occurring Antimicrobial Drugs- Antibiotics
7.3.03: Beta-Lactam Antibiotics- Penicillins and Cephalosporins
7.3.04: Antibiotics from Prokaryotes
7.3.05: Antimycobacterial Antibiotics
7.04: Interactions Between Drug and Host
7.4.01: Organ Toxicity
7.4.02: Allergic Responses to Drugs
7.4.03: Suppression and Alteration of Microbiota by Antimicrobials
7.4.04: Effects of Drug Combinations
7.05: Measuring Drug Susceptibility
7.5.01: Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
7.5.02: Kirby-Bauer Disk Susceptibility Test
7.06: Drug Resistance
7.6.01: Mechanisms of Resistance
7.6.02: Antibiotic Misuse
7.6.03: Cost and Prevention of Resistance
7.6.04: Biofilms, Persisters, and Antibiotic Tolerance
7.6.05: Finding New Antimicrobial Drugs
7.6.06: Antimicrobial Peptides
7.6.07: Antisense Agents
7.07: Antiviral Drugs
7.7.01: Antiviral Agents that Prevent Virus Uncoating or Release
7.7.02: Antiviral DNA Synthesis Inhibitors
7.7.03: Nucleotide and Nonnucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
7.7.04: Protease Inhibitors
7.08: Other Antimicrobial Drugs
7.8.01: Antifungal Drugs
7.8.02: Antiprotozoan and Antihelminthic Drugs