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Fundamentals of General Organic and Biological Chemistry

This Textmap is an introductory chemistry text aimed for a single semester or quarter beginning experience to the chemistry field. This Textmap surveys some of the basic topics of chemistry and should give students enough knowledge to appreciate the impact of chemistry in everyday life and, if necessary, prepare students for additional instruction in chemistry.

Introductory Chemistry Chemistry

Tác giả: LibreTexts
Nhà xuất bản: LibreTexts
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Giấy phép: CC BY-NC-SA
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

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01: Matter and Measurements
1.01: Chemistry - The Central Science
1.02: States of Matter
1.03: Classification of Matter
1.04: Chemical Elements and Symbols
1.05: Chemical Reactions- Examples of Chemical Change
1.06: Physical Quantities - Units and Scientific Notation
1.07: Measuring Mass Length and Volume
1.08: Measurement and Significant Figures
1.09: Rounding Off Numbers
1.10: Problem Solving - Unit Conversions and Estimating Answers
1.11: Temperature Heat and Energy
1.12: Density and Specific Gravity
02: Atoms and the Periodic Table
2.01: Atomic Theory and the Structure of Atoms
2.02: Elements and Atomic Number
2.03: Isotopes and Atomic Weight
2.04: The Periodic Table
2.05: Some Characteristics of Different Groups
2.06: Electronic Structure of Atoms
2.07: Electron Configurations
2.08: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
2.09: Electron-Dot Symbols
03: Ionic Compounds
3.01: Ions
3.02: Ions and the Octet Rule
3.03: Ions of Some Common Elements
3.04: Periodic Properties and Ion Formation
3.05: Naming Monoatomic Ions
3.06: Polyatomic Ions
3.07: Ionic Bonds
3.08: Formulas of Ionic Compounds
3.09: Naming Ionic Compounds
3.10: Some Properties of Ionic Compounds
3.11: H and OH Ions - An Introduction to Acids and Bases
04: Molecular Compounds
4.01: Covalent Bonds
4.02: Covalent Bonds and the Periodic Table
4.03: Multiple Covalent Bonds
4.04: Coordinate Covalent Bonds
4.05: Characteristics of Molecular Compounds
4.06: Molecular Formulas and Lewis Structures
4.07: Drawing Lewis Structures
4.08: The Shapes of Molecules
4.09: Polar Covalent Bonds and Electronegativity
4.10: Polar Molecules
4.11: Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
05: Classification and Balancing of Chemical Reactions
5.01: Chemical Equations
5.02: Balancing Chemical Equations
5.03: Precipitation Reactions and Solubility Guidelines
5.04: Acids Bases and Neutralization Reactions
5.05: Redox Reactions
5.06: Recognizing Redox Reactions
5.07: Net Ionic Equations
06: Chemical Reactions - Mole and Mass Relationships
6.01: The Mole and Avogadros Number
6.02: Gram-Mole Conversions
6.03: Mole Relationships and Chemical Equations
6.04: Mass Relationships and Chemical Equations
6.05: Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield
07: Chemical Reactions - Energy Rates and Equilibrium
7.01: Energy and Chemical Bonds
7.02: Heat Changes during Chemical Reactions
7.03: Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
7.04: Why Do Chemical Reactions Occur Free Energy
7.05: How Do Chemical Reactions Occur Reaction Rates
7.06: Effects of Temperature Concentration and Catalysts on Reaction Rates
7.07: Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibrium
7.08: Equilibrium Equations and Equilibrium Constants
7.09: Le Chateliers Principle- The Effect of Changing Conditions on Equilibria
08: Gases Liquids and Solids
8.01: States of Matter and Their Changes
8.02: Intermolecular Forces
8.03: Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory
8.04: Pressure
8.05: Boyles Law - The Relation between Volume and Pressure
8.06: Charless Law- The Relation between Volume and Temperature
8.07: Gay-Lussac's Law- The Relationship Between Pressure and Temperature
8.08: The Combined Gas Law
8.09: Avogadros Law - The Relation between Volume and Molar Amount
8.10: The Ideal Gas Law
8.11: Partial Pressure and Dalton's Law
8.12: Liquids
8.13: Solids
8.14: Changes of State Calculations
09: Solutions
9.01: Mixtures and Solutions
9.02: The Solution Process
9.03: Solubility
9.04: The Effect of Temperature on Solubility
9.05: The Effect of Pressure on Solubility - Henrys Law
9.06: Units of Concentration
9.07: Dilution
9.08: Ions in Solution - Electrolytes
9.09: Properties of Solutions
9.10: Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
9.11: Dialysis
10: Acids and Bases
10.01: Acids and Bases Definitions
10.02: Acid and Base Strength
10.03: Acid Dissociation Constants
10.04: Water as Both an Acid and a Base
10.05: Measuring Acidity in Aqueous Solutions- The pH Scale
10.06: Working with pH
10.07: Acid and Base Equivalents
10.08: Some Common Acid-Base Reactions
10.09: Acidity and Basicity of Salt Solutions
10.10: Buffer Solutions
10.11: Titration
11: Nuclear Chemistry
11.01: Nuclear Reactions
11.02: The Discovery and Nature of Radioactivity
11.03: Stable and Unstable Isotopes
11.04: Nuclear Decay
11.05: Radioactive Half-Life
11.06: Ionizing Radiation
11.07: Detecting and Measuring Radiation
11.08: Artificial Transmutation
11.09: Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
12: Introduction to Organic Chemistry - Alkanes
12.01: The Nature of Organic Molecules
12.02: Families of Organic Molecules - Functional Groups
12.03: The Structure of Organic Molecules - Alkanes and Their Isomers
12.04: Drawing Organic Structures
12.05: The Shapes of Organic Molecules
12.06: Naming Alkanes
12.07: Properties of Alkanes
12.08: Reactions of Alkanes
12.09: Cycloalkanes
12.10: Drawing and Naming Cycloalkanes
13: Alkenes Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds
13.01: Alkenes and Alkynes
13.02: Naming Alkenes and Alkynes
13.03: The Structure of Alkenes- Cis-Trans Isomerism
13.04: Properties of Alkenes and Alkynes
13.05: Types of Organic Reactions
13.06: Addition Reactions of Alkenes
13.07: Alkene Polymers
13.08: Aromatic Compounds and the Structure of Benzene
13.09: Naming Aromatic Compounds
13.10: Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
14: Some Compounds with Oxygen Sulfur or a Halogen
14.01: Alcohols Phenols and Ethers
14.02: Naming Alcohols
14.03: Properties of Alcohols
14.04: Reactions of Alcohols
14.05: Phenols
14.06: Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
14.07: Ethers
14.08: Thiols and Disulfides
14.09: Halogen-Containing Compounds
14.10: Stereochemistry and Chirality
15: Aldehydes and Ketones
15.01: The Carbonyl Group
15.02: Naming Aldehydes and Ketones
15.03: Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
15.04: Some Common Aldehydes and Ketones
15.05: Oxidation of Aldehydes
15.06: Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
15.07: Addition of Alcohols - Hemiacetals and Acetals
16: Amines
16.01: Classifying Amines
16.02: Naming and Drawing Amines
16.03: Properties of Amines
16.04: Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds
16.05: Basicity of Amines
16.06: Amine Salts
16.07: Amines in Plants- Alkaloids
17: Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives
17.01: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives- Properties and Names
17.02: Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
17.03: Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Ester and Amide Formation
17.04: Hydrolysis of Esters and Amides
17.05: Polyamides and Polyesters
17.06: Phosphoric Acid Derivatives
18: Amino Acids and Proteins
18.01: An Introduction to Biochemistry
18.02: Proteins and Their Functions- An Overview
18.03: Amino Acids
18.04: Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids
18.05: Peptides
18.06: Protein Structure- An Overview and Primary Protein Structure
18.07: Secondary Protein Structure
18.08: Tertiary Protein Structure
18.09: Quaternary Protein Structure
18.10: Chemical Properties of Proteins
19: Enzymes and Vitamins
19.01: Catalysis by Enzymes
19.02: Enzyme Cofactors
19.03: Enzyme Classification
19.04: How Enzymes Work
19.05: Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
19.06: Enzyme Regulation - Inhibition
19.07: Enzyme Regulation- Allosteric Control and Feedback Inhibition
19.08: Enzyme Regulation - Covalent Modification and Genetic Control
19.09: Vitamins Antioxidants and Minerals
20: Carbohydrates
20.01: An Introduction to Carbohydrates
20.02: Handedness of Carbohydrates
20.03: Structure of Glucose and Other Monosaccharides
20.04: Some Important Monosaccharides
20.05: Reactions of Monosaccharides
20.06: Common Disaccharides
20.07: Some Important Polysaccharides Based on Glucose
21: The Generation of Biochemical Energy
21.01: Energy Life and Biochemical Reactions
21.02: Cells and Their Structure
21.03: An Overview of Metabolism and Energy Production
21.04: Strategies of Metabolism - ATP and Energy Transfer
21.05: Strategies of Metabolism - Metabolic Pathways and Coupled Reactions
21.06: Strategies of Metabolism- Oxidized and Reduced Coenzymes
21.07: The Citric Acid Cycle
21.08: The Electron-Transport Chain and ATP Production
22: Carbohydrate Metabolism
22.01: Digestion of Carbohydrates
22.02: Glucose Metabolism - An Overview
22.03: Glycolysis
22.04: Entry of Other Sugars into Glycolysis
22.05: The Fate of Pyruvate
22.06: Energy Output in Complete Glucose Catabolism
22.07: Regulation of Glucose Metabolism and Metabolism During Stress
22.08: Glycogen Metabolism- Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis
22.09: Gluconeogenesis- Glucose Synthesis from Noncarbohydrates
23: Lipids
23.01: Structure and Classification of Lipids
23.02: Fatty Acids and Their Esters
23.03: Properties of Fats and Oils
23.04: Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols
23.05: Phospholipids and Glycolipids
23.06: Steroids
23.07: Cell Membranes- Structure and Transport
24: Lipid Metabolism
24.01: Digestion of Triacylglycerols
24.02: Lipoproteins for Lipid Transport
24.03: Triacylglycerol Metabolism - An Overview
24.04: Storage and Mobilization of Triacylglycerols
24.05: Oxidation of Fatty Acids
24.06: Ketone Bodies and Ketoacidosis
24.07: Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids
25: Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism
25.01: Digestion of Proteins
25.02: Amino Acid Metabolism - An Overview
25.03: Amino Acid Catabolism - The Amino Group
25.04: The Urea Cycle
25.05: Amino Acid Catabolism - The Carbon Atoms
25.06: Biosynthesis of Nonessential Amino Acids
26: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
26.01: DNA Chromosomes and Genes
26.02: Composition of Nucleic Acids
26.03: The Structure of Nucleic Acid Chains
26.04: Base Pairing in DNA- The Watson-Crick Model
26.05: Nucleic Acids and Heredity
26.06: Replication of DNA
26.07: Structure and Function of RNA
26.08: Transcription - RNA Synthesis
26.09: The Genetic Code
26.10: Translation- tRNA and Protein Synthesis
27: Genomics
27.01: Mapping the Human Genome
27.02: DNA and Chromosomes
27.03: Mutations and Polymorphisms
27.04: Recombinant DNA
27.05: Genomics- Using What We Know
28: Chemical Messengers- Hormones Neurotransmitters and Drugs
28.01: Messenger Molecules
28.02: Hormones and the Endocrine System
28.03: How Hormones Work - Epinephrine and Fight-or-Flight
28.04: Amino Acid Derivatives and Polypeptides as Hormones
28.05: Neurotransmitters
28.06: How Neurotransmitters Work- Acetylcholine Its Agonists and Antagonists
28.07: Histamines Antihistamines and Important Neurotransmitters
29: Body Fluids
29.01: Body Water and Its Solutes
29.02: Fluid Balance
29.03: Blood
29.04: Plasma Proteins White Blood Cells and Immunity
29.05: Blood Clotting
29.06: Red Blood Cells and Blood Gases
29.07: The Kidney and Urine Formation
29.08: Urine Composition and Function