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Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Physiology is the scientific study of the normal function in living systems with a focus on how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical functions in a living system. Anatomy and physiology make a natural pair of related disciplines that are often studied together.

Anatomy and Physiology Medicine

Tác giả: OpenStax
Nhà xuất bản: LibreTexts
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Giấy phép: CC BY
Ngôn ngữ: EN

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Mục lục· 234 mục

Unit 1: Levels of Organization
01: An Introduction to the Human Body
1.00: Introduction
1.01: Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
1.02: Structural Organization of the Human Body
1.03: Functions of Human Life
1.04: Requirements for Human Life
1.05: Homeostasis
1.06: Anatomical Terminology
1.07: Medical Imaging
02: The Chemical Level of Organization
2.00: Introduction
2.01: Elements and Atoms - The Building Blocks of Matter
2.02: Chemical Bonds
2.03: Chemical Reactions
2.04: Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
2.05: Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
03: The Cellular Level of Organization
3.00: Prelude to The Cellular Level of Organization
3.01: The Cell Membrane
3.02: The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
3.03: The Nucleus and DNA Replication
3.04: Protein Synthesis
3.05: Cell Growth and Division
3.06: Cellular Differentiation
04: The Tissue Level of Organization
4.00: Introduction to the Tissue Level of Organization
4.01: Types of Tissues
4.02: Epithelial Tissue
4.03: Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
4.04: Muscle Tissue and Motion
4.05: Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response
4.06: Tissue Injury and Aging
Unit 2: Support and Movement
05: The Integumentary System
5.00: Introduction
5.01: Layers of the Skin
5.02: Accessory Structures of the Skin
5.03: Functions of the Integumentary System
5.04: Diseases Disorders and Injuries of the Integumentary System
06: Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System
6.00: Introduction
6.01: The Functions of the Skeletal System
6.02: Bone Classification
6.03: Bone Structure
6.04: Bone Formation and Development
6.05: Fractures - Bone Repair
6.06: Exercise Nutrition Hormones and Bone Tissue
6.07: Calcium Homeostasis - Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems
07: Axial Skeleton
7.00: Introduction to the Axial Skeleton
7.01: Divisions of the Skeletal System
7.02: The Skull
7.03: The Vertebral Column
7.04: The Thoracic Cage
7.05: Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton
08: The Appendicular Skeleton
8.00: Introduction
8.01: The Pectoral Girdle
8.02: Bones of the Upper Limb
8.03: The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
8.04: Bones of the Lower Limb
8.05: Development of the Appendicular Skeleton
09: Joints
9.00: Introduction
9.01: Classification of Joints
9.02: Fibrous Joints
9.03: Cartilaginous Joints
9.04: Synovial Joints
9.05: Types of Body Movements
9.06: Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
9.07: Development of Joints
10: Muscle Tissue
10.00: Prelude to Muscle Tissue
10.01: Overview of Muscle Tissues
10.02: Skeletal Muscle
10.03: Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation
10.04: Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
10.05: Types of Muscle Fibers
10.06: Exercise and Muscle Performance
10.07: Cardiac Muscle Tissue
10.08: Smooth Muscle
10.09: Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue
10.E: Muscle Tissue (Exercises)
11: The Muscular System
11.00: Prelude to the Muscular System
11.01: Interactions of Skeletal Muscles Their Fascicle Arrangement and Their Lever Systems
11.02: Naming Skeletal Muscle
11.03: Axial Muscles of the Head Neck and Back
11.04: Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and Thorax
11.05: Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
11.06: Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
Unit 3: Regulation Integration and Control
12: The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
12.00: Prelude to the Nervous System
12.01: Basic Structures and Function of the Nervous System
12.02: Nervous Tissue
12.03: The Function of Nervous Tissue
12.04: The Action Potential
12.05: Communication Between Neurons
13: Anatomy of the Nervous Tissue
13.00: Prelude Anatomy of the Nervous Tissue
13.01: The Embryologic Perspective
13.02: The Central Nervous System
13.03: Circulation and the Central Nervous System
13.04: The Peripheral Nervous System
13.E: Anatomy of the Nervous Tissue (Exercises)
14: The Somatic Nervous System
14.00: Prelude to The Somatic Nervous System
14.01: Sensory Perception
14.02: Central Processing
14.03: Motor Processing
15: The Autonomic Nervous System
15.00: Prelude to The Autonomic Nervous System
15.01: Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
15.02: Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis
15.03: Central Control
15.04: Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System
16: The Neurological Exam
16.00: Prelude to the Neurological Exam
16.01: Overview of the Neurological Exam
16.02: The Mental Status Exam
16.03: The Cranial Nerve Exam
16.04: The Sensory and Motor Exams
16.05: The Coordination and Gait Exams
17: The Endocrine System
17.00: Prelude to the Endocrine System
17.01: An Overview of the Endocrine System
17.02: Hormones
17.03: The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
17.04: The Thyroid Gland
17.05: The Parathyroid Glands
17.06: The Adrenal Glands
17.07: The Pineal Gland
17.08: Gonadal and Placental Hormones
17.09: The Endocrine Pancreas
17.10: Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions
17.11: Development and Aging of the Endocrine System
Unit 4: Fluids and Transport
18: The Cardiovascular System - Blood
18.00: Prelude to Blood
18.01: An Overview of Blood
18.02: Production of the Formed Elements
18.03: Erythrocytes
18.04: Leukocytes and Platelets
18.05: Hemostasis
18.06: Blood Typing
19: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart
19.00: Prelude to The Heart
19.01: Heart Anatomy
19.02: Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
19.03: Cardiac Cycle
19.04: Cardiac Physiology
19.05: Development of the Heart
19.E: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart (Exercises)
20: The Cardiovascular System - Blood Vessels and Circulation
20.00: Introduction
20.01: Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
20.02: Blood Flow Blood Pressure and Resistance
20.03: Capillary Exchange
20.04: Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
20.05: Circulatory Pathways
20.06: Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation
21: The Lymphatic and Immune System
21.00: Introduction
21.01: Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
21.02: Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
21.03: The Adaptive Immune Response - T Lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
21.04: The Adaptive Immune Response - B Lymphocytes and Antibodies
21.05: The Immune Response Against Pathogens
21.06: Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses
21.07: Transplantation and Cancer Immunology
Unit 5: Energy Maintenance and Environmental Exchange
22: The Respiratory System
22.00: Prelude to the Respiratory System
22.01: Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
22.02: The Lungs
22.03: The Process of Breathing
22.04: Gas Exchange
22.05: Transport of Gases
22.06: Modifications in Respiratory Functions
22.07: Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System
23: The Digestive System
23.00: Introduction
23.01: Overview of the Digestive System
23.02: Digestive System Processes and Regulation
23.03: The Mouth Pharynx and Esophagus
23.04: The Stomach
23.05: The Small and Large Intestines
23.06: Accessory Organs in Digestion- The Liver Pancreas and Gallbladder
23.07: Chemical Digestion and Absorption - A Closer Look
24: Metabolism and Nutrition
24.00: Prelude to Metabolism and Nutrition
24.01: Overview of Metabolic Reactions
24.02: Carbohydrate Metabolism
24.03: Lipid Metabolism
24.04: Protein Metabolism
24.05: Metabolic States of the Body
24.06: Energy and Heat Balance
24.07: Nutrition and Diet
25: The Urinary System
25.00: Prelude to the Urinary System
25.01: Physical Characteristics of Urine
25.02: Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport
25.03: Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
25.04: Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
25.05: Physiology of Urine Formation
25.06: Tubular Reabsorption
25.07: Regulation of Renal Blood Flow
25.08: Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function
25.09: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition
25.10: The Urinary System and Homeostasis
26: Fluid Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance
26.00: Prelude to Fluid Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance
26.01: Body Fluids and Fluid Compartment
26.02: Water Balance
26.03: Electrolyte Balance
26.04: Acid-Base Balance
26.05: Disorders of Acid-Base Balance
Unit 6: Human Development and the Continuity of Life
27: The Reproductive System
27.00: Prelude to the Reproductive System
27.01: Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
27.02: Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
27.03: Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems
28: Development and Inheritance
28.00: Prelude to Development and Inheritance
28.01: Fertilization
28.02: Embryonic Development
28.03: Fetal Development
28.04: Maternal Changes During Pregnancy Labor and Birth
28.05: Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages
28.06: Lactation
28.07: Patterns of Inheritance