Nguồn ngoài

Biofundamentals

Biofundamentals™ is an attempt to build a more conceptually coherent, rigorous and engaging introductory course in modern biology

Cell and Molecular Biology Biology

Tác giả: Klymkowsky & Cooper
Nhà xuất bản: University of Colorado Boulder & Michigan State University
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

Đọc trực tuyến Tải PDF (nguồn mở)

Mục lục· 150 mục

01: Understanding science and thinking scientifically
1.0: Introduction
1.1: The Interconnectedness of Science
1.2: Models Hypotheses and Theories
1.3: Science is Social
1.4: Teaching and Learning Science
1.5: Understanding Scientific Ideas
02: Lifes diversity and origins
2.00: Introduction
2.01: What is life exactly
2.02: The cell theory and the continuity of life
2.03: The organization of organisms
2.04: Spontaneous generation and the origin of life
2.05: The Death of Vitalism
2.06: Thinking about lifes origins
2.07: Experimental studies on the origins of life
2.08: Mapping the history of life on earth
2.09: Fossil evidence for the history of life on earth
2.10: Life's impact on earth
03: Evolutionary mechanisms and the diversity of life
3.00: Introduction
3.01: Organizing organisms (hierarchically)
3.02: Natural and un-natural groups
3.03: Fossils and family relationships: introducing cladistics
3.04: Evolution theorys core concepts
3.05: So what do we mean by genetic factors
3.06: Limits on populations
3.07: The conceptual leap made by Darwin and Wallace
3.08: Mutations and the origins of genotype-based variation
3.09: The origins of polymorphisms
3.10: A short aside on the genotype-phenotype relationship
3.11: Variation selection and speciation
3.12: Types of simple selection
3.13: A short note on pedagogical weirdness
3.14: Population size founder effects and population bottlenecks
3.15: Population bottlenecks
3.16: Genetic drift
3.17: Gene linkage: one more complication
3.18: A brief reflection on the complexity of phenotypic traits
3.19: Speciation and extinction
3.20: Mechanisms of speciation
3.21: Isolating mechanisms
3.22: Sympatric speciation
3.23: Signs of evolution: homology and convergence
3.24: The loss of traits
3.25: Signs of evolutionary history
3.26: Homologies provide evidence for a common ancestor
3.27: Anti-evolution arguments
04: Social evolution and sexual selection
4.00: Introduction
4.01: Selecting social (cooperative) traits
4.02: Quorum Sensing
4.03: Active (altruistic) cell death
4.04: Inclusive fitness kin and group selection and social evolution
4.05: Group selection
4.06: Defense against social cheaters
4.07: Driving the evolutionary appearance of multicellular organisms
4.08: Origins and implications of sexual reproduction
4.09: Sexual dimorphism
4.10: Sexual Selection
4.11: Curbing runaway selection
05: Molecular interactions thermodynamics and reaction coupling
5.00: Introduction
5.01: A very little thermodynamics
5.02: Reactions: favorable unfavorable and their dynamics
5.03: Thinking entropically (and thermodynamically)
5.04: Reaction rates
5.05: Coupling reactions
5.06: Molecules London Dispersion Forces and van der Waals interactions
5.07: Covalent bonds
5.08: Bond Stability and Thermal Motion (a non-biological moment)
5.09: Bond polarity inter- and intramolecular interactions
5.10: The implications of bond polarity
5.11: Interacting with Water
06: Membrane boundaries and capturing energy
6.00: Introduction
6.01: Defining the Cells Boundary
6.02: The origin of biological membranes
6.03: Transport across membranes
6.04: Transport to and across the membrane
6.05: Channels and carriers
6.06: Generating gradients: using coupled reactions and pumps
6.07: Simple Phototrophs
6.08: Chemo-osmosis (an overview)
6.09: Oxygenic Photosynthesis
6.10: Chemotrophs
6.11: Using the energy stored in membrane gradients
6.12: Osmosis and living with and without a cell wall
6.13: An evolutionary scenario for the origin of eukaryotic cells
6.14: Making a complete eukaryote
07: The molecular nature of heredity
7.00: Introduction
7.01: Discovering how nucleic acids store genetic information
7.02: Locating hereditary material within the cell
7.03: Identifying DNA as the genetic material
7.04: Unraveling Nucleic Acid Structure
7.05: Discovering the structure of DNA
7.06: DNA sequences and information
7.07: Discovering RNA: structure and some functions
7.08: DNA Replication
7.09: Replication machines
7.10: Further replication complexities
7.11: Mutations deletions duplications and repair
7.12: Genes and alleles
7.13: Mutations and evolution
7.14: Triplet repeat diseases and genetic anticipation
08: Peptide bonds polypeptides and proteins
8.00: Introduction
8.01: Polypeptide and protein structure basics
8.02: Amino acid polymers
8.03: Making a polypeptide in a bacterial cell
8.04: The origin of the genetic code
8.05: Protein synthesis: transcription (DNA to RNA)
8.06: Protein synthesis: translation (RNA to polypeptide)
8.07: The translation (polypeptide synthesis) cycle
8.08: Bursting synthesis and alarm generation
8.09: Getting more complex: gene regulation in eukaryotes
8.10: Turning polypeptides into proteins
8.11: Regulating protein localization
8.12: Regulating protein activity
8.13: Allosteric regulation
8.14: Post-translational regulation
8.15: Diseases of folding and misfolding
8.16: Why do harmful alleles persist
09: Genomes genes and regulatory networks
9.0: Introduction
9.1: Genomes and their organization
9.2: A Technical Aside - Transposons
9.3: Genes along chromosomes
9.4: Naturally occurring horizontal gene transfer mechanisms
9.5: Transformation
9.6: Conjugation
9.7: Transduction
9.8: Sexual reproduction
9.9: Genome dynamics
9.10: Paralogous genes and gene families
9.11: Packing DNA into a cell
9.12: Locating information within DNA
9.13: Network interactions
9.14: E. coli as a model system
9.15: Final thoughts on (molecular) noise
9.16: Types of regulatory interactions
10: Social Systems
10.0: Introduction to Social Systems
10.1: Microbial Communities
10.2: Making Metazoans
10.3: Steps to metazoans multicellular animals and plants
10.4: Differentiation
10.5: Stem Cells
10.6: Cellular differentiation and genomic information