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Introductory Chemistry

An introductory chemistry Libretexts Textmap organized around the textbook Introductory CK-12.

Introductory Chemistry Chemistry

Tác giả: CK-12
Nhà xuất bản: CK12
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Giấy phép: CK-12
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

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01: Introduction to Chemistry
1.01: Defining Chemistry
1.02: History of Chemistry
1.03: Alchemy
1.04: Areas of Chemistry
1.05: Pure and Applied Chemistry
1.06: Energy in Chemistry
1.07: Medicine
1.08: Agriculture
1.09: Materials
1.10: The Environment
1.11: Research
1.12: Scientific Problem Solving
02: Matter and Change
2.01: Matter Mass and Volume
2.02: Pure Substances
2.03: Physical Properties
2.04: Extensive and Intensive Properties
2.05: States of Matter
2.06: Physical Change
2.07: Mixture
2.08: Homogeneous Mixture
2.09: Heterogeneous Mixtures
2.10: Separating Mixtures
2.11: Elements
2.12: Compounds
2.13: Chemical Reaction
2.14: Chemical Change
2.15: Chemical Symbols and Formulas
2.16: Chemical Properties and Chemical Reactions
2.17: Reactants and Products
2.18: Recognizing Chemical Reactions
03: Measurements
3.01: SI Base Units
3.02: Metric Prefixes
3.03: Scientific Notation in Chemistry
3.04: Length and Volume
3.05: Mass and Weight
3.06: Kinetic Energy
3.07: Temperature and Temperature Scales
3.08: Dimensional Analysis
3.09: Metric Unit Conversions
3.10: Derived Units
3.11: Density
3.12: Accuracy and Precision
3.13: Percent Error
3.14: Measurement Uncertainty
3.15: Rounding
3.16: Significant Figures
3.17: Significant Figures in Addition and Subtraction
3.18: Significant Figures in Multiplication and Division
04: Atomic Structure
4.01: Democritus' Idea of the Atom
4.02: Law of Conservation of Mass
4.03: Law of Multiple Proportions
4.04: Law of Definite Proportions
4.05: Mass Ratio Calculation
4.06: Dalton's Atomic Theory
4.07: Atom
4.08: Electrons
4.09: Protons
4.10: Neutrons
4.11: Cathode Ray Tube
4.12: Oil Drop Experiment
4.13: Plum Pudding Atomic Model
4.14: Gold Foil Experiment
4.15: Atomic Nucleus
4.16: Atomic Number
4.17: Mass Number
4.18: Isotopes
4.19: Atomic Mass Unit
4.20: Calculating Average Atomic Mass
05: Electrons in Atoms
5.01: Electromagnetic Spectrum
5.02: Wavelength and Frequency Calculations
5.03: Quantization of Energy
5.04: Photoelectric Effect
5.05: Atomic Emission Spectra
5.06: Bohr's Atomic Model
5.07: Spectral Lines of Atomic Hydrogen
5.08: de Broglie Wave Equation
5.09: Quantum Mechanics
5.10: Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
5.11: Quantum Mechanical Atomic Model
5.12: Energy Level
5.13: Orbitals
5.14: Quantum Numbers
5.15: Aufbau Principle
5.16: Pauli Exclusion Principle
5.17: Hund's Rule and Orbital Filling Diagrams
5.18: Electron Configurations
5.19: Valence Electrons
5.20: Noble Gas Configuration
06: The Periodic Table
6.01: Early History of the Periodic Table
6.02: Mendeleev's Periodic Table
6.03: Periodic Law
6.04: Modern Periodic Table- Periods and Groups
6.05: Metals
6.06: Nonmetals
6.07: Metalloids
6.08: Blocks of the Periodic Table
6.09: Hydrogen and Alkali Metals
6.10: Alkaline Earth Metals
6.11: Noble Gases
6.12: Halogens
6.13: Transition Elements
6.14: Lanthanides and Actinides
6.15: Periodic Trends- Atomic Radius
6.16: Ion
6.17: Periodic Trends - Ionization Energy
6.18: Electron Shielding
6.19: Periodic Trends - Electron Affinity
6.20: Periodic Trends - Ionic Radii
6.21: Periodic Trends- Electronegativity
6.22: Periodic Trends - Metallic and Nonmetallic Character
07: Chemical Nomenclature
7.01: Molecular Formula
7.02: Empirical Formula
7.03: Cations
7.04: Anions
7.05: Transition Metal Ions
7.06: The Stock System of Nomenclature
7.07: Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
7.08: Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds
7.09: Polyatomic Ions
7.10: Ternary Ionic Compounds: Naming and Formulas
7.11: Binary Molecular Compounds: Naming and Formulas
7.12: Acids - Naming and Formulas
7.13: Bases: Naming and Formulas
08: Ionic and Metallic Bonding
8.01: Electron Dot Diagrams
8.02: Octet Rule
8.03: Cation Formation
8.04: Anion Formation
8.05: Transition Metal Ion Formation
8.06: Ionic Bonding
8.07: Ionic Crystal Structure
8.08: Coordination Number
8.09: Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds
8.10: Metallic Bonding
8.11: Crystal Structure of Metals
8.12: Alloys
09: Covalent Bonding
9.01: Chemical Bond
9.02: Covalent Bond
9.03: Molecular Compounds
9.04: Energy and Covalent Bond Formation
9.05: Lewis Electron-Dot Structures
9.06: Single Covalent Bonds
9.07: Multiple Covalent Bonds
9.08: Coordinate Covalent Bond
9.09: Covalent Bonding in Polyatomic Ions
9.10: Resonance
9.11: Exceptions to the Octet Rule
9.12: Bond Energy
9.13: VSEPR Theory
9.14: Molecular Shapes- No Lone Pairs on Central Atoms
9.15: Molecular Shapes - Lone Pair(s) on Central Atom
9.16: Bond Polarity
9.17: Polar Molecules
9.18: Van der Waals Forces
9.19: Hydrogen Bonding
9.20: Physical Properties and Intermolecular Forces
9.21: Valence Bond Theory
9.22: Hybrid Orbitals - sp
9.23: Hybrid Orbitals - sp and sp
9.24: Sigma and Pi Bonds
10: The Mole
10.01: Avogadro's Number
10.02: Conversions Between Moles and Atoms
10.03: Molar Mass
10.04: Conversions Between Moles and Mass
10.05: Conversions Between Mass and Number of Particles
10.06: Avogadro's Hypothesis and Molar Volume
10.07: Conversions Between Moles and Gas Volume
10.08: Gas Density
10.08: Mole Road Map
10.10: Percent Composition
10.11: Percent of Water in a Hydrate
10.12: Determining Empirical Formulas
10.13: Determining Molecular Formulas
11: Chemical Reactions
11.01: Word Equations
11.02: Chemical Equations
11.03: Balancing Equations
11.04: Combination Reactions
11.05: Decomposition Reactions
11.06: Combustion Reactions
11.07: Single Replacement Reactions
11.08: Activity Series
11.09: Double Replacement Reactions
12: Stoichiometry
12.01: Everyday Stoichiometry
12.02: Mole Ratios
12.03: Mass-Mole Stoichiometry
12.04: Mass-Mass Stoichiometry
12.05: Volume-Volume Stoichiometry
12.06: Mass-Volume Stoichiometry
12.07: Limiting Reactant
12.08: Determining the Limiting Reactant
12.09: Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield
13: States of Matter
13.01: Kinetic Molecular Theory
13.02: Gas Pressure
13.03: Atmospheric Pressure
13.04: Pressure Units and Conversions
13.05: Average Kinetic Energy and Temperature
13.06: Physical Properties and Intermolecular Forces
13.06: Surface Tension
13.07: Evaporation
13.08: Vapor Pressure
13.09: Boiling
13.10: Vapor Pressure Curves
13.11: Melting
13.12: Sublimation
13.13: Crystal Systems
13.14: Unit Cells
13.15: Classes of Crystalline Solids
13.17: Amorphous Solids
13.18: Heating and Cooling Curves
13.19: General Phase Diagram
13.20: Phase Diagram for Water
14: The Behavior of Gases
14.01: Compressibility
14.02: Factors Affecting Gas Pressure
14.03: Boyle's Law
14.04: Charles's Law
14.05: Gay-Lussac's Law
14.06: Combined Gas Law
14.07: Avogadro's Law
14.08: Ideal Gas Law
14.09: Calculating the Molar Mass of a Gas
14.10: Gas Stoichiometry
14.11: Real and Ideal Gases
14.12: Mole Fraction
14.13: Gas Collection by Water Displacement
14.14: Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
14.15: Diffusion and Effusion and Graham's Law
15: Water
15.01: Structure of Water
15.02: Structure of Ice
15.03: Physical Properties of Water
15.04: Solute and Solvent
15.05: Dissolving Process
15.06: Liquid-Liquid Solutions
15.07: Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
15.08: Dissociation
15.09: Strong and Weak Electrolytes
15.10: Suspensions
15.11: Colloids
16: Solutions
16.01: Solute-Solvent Combinations
16.02: Rate of Dissolving
16.03: Saturated and Unsaturated Solutions
16.04: How Temperature Influences Solubility
16.05: Supersaturated Solutions
16.06: Henry's Law
16.07: Percent Solutions
16.08: Molarity
16.09: Preparing Solutions
16.10: Dilution
16.11: Molality
16.12: The Lowering of Vapor Pressure
16.13: Freezing Point Depression
16.14: Boiling Point Elevation
16.15: Electrolytes and Colligative Properties
16.16: Calculating Molar Mass
16.17: Molecular and Ionic Equations
16.18: Net Ionic Equations
16.19: Predicting Precipitates Using Solubility Rules
17: Thermochemistry
17.01: Chemical Potential Energy
17.02: Heat
17.03: Exothermic and Endothermic Processes
17.04: Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
17.05: Specific Heat Calculations
17.06: Enthalpy
17.07: Calorimetry
17.08: Thermochemical Equations
17.09: Stoichiometric Calculations and Enthalpy Changes
17.10: Heats of Fusion and Solidification
17.11: Heats of Vaporization and Condensation
17.12: Multi-Step Problems with Changes of State
17.13: Heat of Solution
17.14: Heat of Combustion
17.15: Hess's Law of Heat Summation
17.16: Standard Heat of Formation
17.17: Calculating Heat of Reaction from Heat of Formation
18: Kinetics
18.01: Chemical Reaction Rate
18.02: Collision Theory
18.03: Activation Energy
18.04: Potential Energy Diagrams
18.05: Activated Complex
18.06: Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
18.07: Catalysts
18.08: Rate Law and Specific Rate Constant
18.09: Order of Reaction
18.10: Determining the Rate Law from Experimental Data
18.11: Reaction Mechanisms and the Elementary Step
18.12: Reaction Intermediate
18.13: Molecularity
18.14: Rate-Determining Step
18.15: Mechanisms and Potential Energy Diagrams
19: Equilibrium
19.01: Reversible Reaction
19.02: Chemical Equilibrium
19.03: Equilibrium Constant
19.04: Calculations with Equilibrium Constants
19.05: Le Chatelier's Principle
19.06: Effect of Concentration
19.07: Effect of Temperature
19.08: Effect of Pressure
19.09: Nonreversible Reactions
19.10: Le Chatelier's Principle and the Equilibrium Constant
19.11: Solubility Product Constant (left( K textsp right))
19.12: Conversion of Solubility to (K textsp)
19.13: Conversion of (K textsp) to Solubility
19.14: Predicting Precipitates
19.15: Common Ion Effect
20: Entropy and Free Energy
20.01: Entropy
20.02: Standard Entropy
20.03: Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Reactions
20.04: Free Energy
20.05: Calculating Free Energy Change (left( Delta Gtexto right))
20.06: Temperature and Free Energy
20.07: Changes of State and Free Energy
20.08: Calculations of Free Energy and (K texteq)
21: Acids and Bases
21.01: Properties of Acids
21.02: Properties of Bases
21.03: Arrhenius Acids
21.04: Arrhenius Bases
21.05: Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
21.06: Brnsted-Lowry Acid-Base Reactions
21.07: Lewis Acids and Bases
21.08: Ion-Product of Water
21.09: The pH Scale
21.10: Calculating pH of Acids and Bases
21.11: The pOH Concept
21.12: Strong and Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constant (K texta)
21.13: Strong and Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constant (left( K textb right))
21.14: Calculating (K texta) and (K textb)
21.15: Calculating pH of Weak Acid and Base Solutions
21.16: Neutralization Reaction and Net Ionic Equations for Neutralization Reactions
21.17: Titration Experiment
21.18: Titration Calculations
21.19: Titration Curves
21.20: Indicators
21.21: Hydrolysis of Salts - Equations
21.22: Calculating pH of Salt Solutions
21.23: Buffers
22: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
22.01: Oxygen in Reactions
22.02: Redox Reactions and Ionic Compounds
22.03: Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
22.04: Molecular Redox Reactions
22.05: Corrosion
22.06: Assigning Oxidation Numbers
22.07: Changes in Oxidation Number in Redox Reactions
22.08: Identifying Reaction Types
22.09: Balancing Redox Reactions- Oxidation Number Change Method
22.10: Balancing Redox Reactions- Half-Reaction Method
22.11: Half-Reaction Method in Basic Solution
23: Electrochemistry
23.01: Direct Redox Reactions
23.02: Electrochemical Reaction
23.03: Voltaic Cells
23.04: Electrical Potential
23.05: Standard Hydrogen Electrode
23.06: Calculating Standard Cell Potentials
23.07: Batteries
23.08: Electrolytic Cells
23.09: Electrolysis of Water
23.10: Electrolysis of Molten Salts and Electrolysis of Brine
23.11: Electroplating
24: Nuclear Chemistry
24.01: Discovery of Radioactivity
24.02: Nuclear Decay Processes
24.03: Detection of Radioactivity
24.04: Half-Life
24.05: Background Radiation
24.06: Nuclear Fission Processes
24.07: Nuclear Power Generation
24.08: Nuclear Fusion
24.09: Penetrating Ability of Emissions
24.10: Effects of Radiation
24.11: Radioisotopes in Medical Diagnosis and Treatment
24.12: PET Scans
25: Organic Chemistry
25.01: Organic Chemistry
25.02: Straight-Chain Alkanes
25.03: Branched Alkanes
25.04: Alkenes and Alkynes
25.05: Isomers
25.06: Cyclic Hydrocarbons
25.07: Aromatic Hydrocarbons
25.08: Alkyl Halides
25.09: Alcohols
25.10: Ethers
25.11: Aldehydes and Ketones
25.12: Carboxylic Acids
25.13: Esters
25.14: Amines
25.15: Substitution Reactions
25.16: Addition Reactions
25.17: Oxidation Reactions
25.18: Condensation Reactions
25.19: Polymerization - Addition Polymers
25.20: Polymerization - Condensation Polymers
26: Biochemistry
26.01: Monosaccharides
26.02: Disaccharides
26.03: Polysaccharides
26.04: Amino Acids
26.05: Peptides
26.06: Proteins
26.07: Enzymes
26.08: Triglycerides
26.09: Phospholipids
26.10: Waxes
26.11: Nucleic Acids
26.12: DNA and RNA
26.13: Genetic Code
26.14: Protein Synthesis