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Astronomy

This astronomy text is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of one- or two-semester introductory astronomy courses. The book begins with relevant scientific fundamentals and progresses through an exploration of the solar system, stars, galaxies, and cosmology. The Astronomy textbook builds student understanding through the use of relevant analogies, clear and non-technical explanations, and rich illustrations.

Astronomy Cosmology Physics

Tác giả: OpenStax
Nhà xuất bản: LibreTexts
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Giấy phép: CC BY
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

Đọc trực tuyến Tải PDF (nguồn mở)

Mục lục· 462 mục

01: Science and the Universe - A Brief Tour
1.01: Introduction
1.02: The Nature of Astronomy
1.03: The Nature of Science
1.04: The Laws of Nature
1.05: Numbers in Astronomy
1.06: Consequences of Light Travel Time
1.07: A Tour of the Universe
1.08: The Universe on the Large Scale
1.09: The Universe of the Very Small
1.10: A Conclusion and a Beginning
1.11: For Further Exploration
02: Observing the Sky - The Birth of Astronomy
2.01: Thinking Ahead
2.02: The Sky Above
2.03: Ancient Astronomy
2.04: Astrology and Astronomy
2.05: The Birth of Modern Astronomy
2.06: Key Terms
2.07: Summary
2.08: For Further Exploration
2.09: Collaborative Group Activities
2.10: Exercises
2.10.01: Review Questions
2.10.02: Thought Questions
2.10.03: Figuring for Yourself
03: Orbits and Gravity
3.01: Thinking Ahead
3.02: The Laws of Planetary Motion
3.03: Newtons Great Synthesis
3.04: Newtons Universal Law of Gravitation
3.05: Orbits in the Solar System
3.06: Motions of Satellites and Spacecraft
3.07: Gravity with More Than Two Bodies
3.08: Key Terms
3.09: Summary
3.10: For Further Exploration
3.11: Collaborative Group Activities
3.12: Exercises
3.12.01: Review Questions
3.12.02: Thought Questions
3.12.03: Figuring for Yourself
04: Earth Moon and Sky
4.01: Thinking Ahead
4.02: Earth and Sky
4.03: The Seasons
4.04: Keeping Time
4.05: The Calendar
4.06: Phases and Motions of the Moon
4.07: Ocean Tides and the Moon
4.08: Eclipses of the Sun and Moon
4.09: Key Terms
4.10: Summary
4.11: For Further Exploration
4.12: Collaborative Group Activities
4.13: Exercises
4.13.01: Review Questions
4.13.02: Thought Questions
4.13.03: Figuring for Yourself
05: Radiation and Spectra
5.01: Thinking Ahead
5.02: The Behavior of Light
5.03: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
5.04: Spectroscopy in Astronomy
5.05: The Structure of the Atom
5.06: Formation of Spectral Lines
5.07: The Doppler Effect
5.08: Key Terms
5.09: Summary
5.10: For Further Exploration
5.11: Collaborative Group Activities
5.12: Exercises
5.12.01: Review Questions
5.12.02: Thought Questions
5.12.03: Figuring for Yourself
06: Astronomical Instruments
6.01: Thinking Ahead
6.02: Telescopes
6.03: Telescopes Today
6.04: Visible-Light Detectors and Instruments
6.05: Radio Telescopes
6.06: Observations outside Earth's Atmosphere
6.07: The Future of Large Telescopes
6.08: Key Terms
6.09: Summary
6.10: For Further Exploration
6.11: Collaborative Group Activities
6.12: Exercises
6.12.01: Review Questions
6.12.02: Thought Questions
6.12.03: Figuring for Yourself
07: Other Worlds - An Introduction to the Solar System
7.01: Thinking Ahead
7.02: Overview of Our Planetary System
7.03: Compostion and Structure of Planets
7.04: Dating Planetary Surfaces
7.05: Origin of the Solar System
7.06: Key Terms
7.07: Summary
7.08: For Further Exploration
7.09: Collaborative Group Activities
7.10: Exercises
7.10.01: Review Questions
7.10.02: Thought Questions
7.10.03: Figuring for Yourself
08: Earth as a Planet
8.01: Thinking Ahead
8.02: The Global Perspective
8.03: Earth's Crust
8.04: Earth's Atmosphere
8.05: Life Chemical Evolution and Climate Change
8.06: Cosmic Influences on the Evolution of Earth
8.07: Key Terms
8.08: Summary
8.09: For Further Exploration
8.10: Collaborative Group Activities
8.11: Exercises
8.11.01: Review Questions
8.11.02: Thought Questions
8.11.03: Figuring for Yourself
09: Cratered Worlds
9.01: Thinking Ahead
9.02: General Properties of the Moon
9.03: The Lunar Surface
9.04: Impact Craters
9.05: The Origin of the Moon
9.06: Mercury
9.07: Key Terms
9.08: Summary
9.09: For Further Exploration
9.10: Collaborative Group Activities
9.11: Exercises
9.11.01: Review Questions
9.11.02: Thought Questions
9.11.03: Figuring for Yourself
10: Earthlike Planets - Venus and Mars
10.01: Thinking Ahead
10.02: The Nearest Planets - An Overview
10.03: The Geology of Venus
10.04: The Massive Atmosphere of Venus
10.05: The Geology of Mars
10.06: Water and Life on Mars
10.07: Divergent Planetary Evolution
10.08: Key Terms
10.09: Summary
10.10: For Further Exploration
10.11: Collaborative Group Activities
10.12: Exercises
10.12.01: Review Questions
10.12.02: Thought Questions
10.12.03: Figuring for Yourself
11: The Giant Planets
11.01: Thinking Ahead
11.02: Exploring the Outer Planets
11.03: The Giant Planets
11.04: Atmosphere of the Giant Planets
11.05: Key Terms
11.06: Summary
11.07: For Further Exploration
11.08: Collaborative Group Activities
11.09: Exercises
11.9.01: Review Questions
11.9.02: Thought Questions
11.9.03: Figuring for Yourself
12: Rings Moons and Pluto
12.01: Thinking Ahead
12.02: Ring and Moon Systems Introduced
12.03: The Gailean Moons of Jupiter
12.04: Titan and Triton
12.05: Pluto and Charon
12.06: Planetary Rings
12.07: Key Terms
12.08: Summary
12.09: For Further Exploration
12.10: Collaborative Group Activities
12.11: Exercises
12.11.01: Review Questions
12.11.02: Thought Questions
12.11.03: Figuring for Yourself
13: Comets and Asteroids - Debris of the Solar System
13.01: Thinking Ahead
13.02: Asteroids
13.03: Asteroids and Planetary Defense
13.04: The Long-Haired Comets
13.05: The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
13.06: Key Terms
13.07: Summary
13.08: For Further Exploration
13.09: Collaborative Group Activities
13.10: Exercises
13.10.01: Review Questions
13.10.02: Thought Questions
13.10.03: Figuring for Yourself
14: Cosmic Samples and the Origin of the Solar System
14.01: Thinking Ahead
14.02: Meteors
14.03: Meteorites - Stones from Heaven
14.04: Formation of the Solar System
14.05: Comparison with Other Planetary Systems
14.06: Planetary Evolution
14.07: Key Terms
14.08: Summary
14.09: For Further Exploration
14.10: Collaborative Group Activities
14.11: Exercises
14.11.01: Review Questions
14.11.02: Thought Questions
14.11.03: Figuring for Yourself
15: The Sun- A Garden-Variety Star
15.01: Thinking Ahead
15.02: The Structure and Composition of the Sun
15.03: The Solar Cycle
15.04: Solar Activity above the Photosphere
15.05: Space Weather
15.06: Key Terms
15.07: Summary
15.08: For Further Exploration
15.09: Collaborative Group Activities
15.10: Exercises
15.10.01: Review Questions
15.10.02: Thought Questions
15.10.03: Figuring for Yourself
16: The Sun- A Nuclear Powerhouse
16.01: Thinking Ahead
16.02: Sources of Sunshine- Thermal and Gravitational Energy
16.03: Mass Energy and the Theory of Relativity
16.04: The Solar Interior - Theory
16.05: The Solar Interior - Observations
16.06: Key Terms
16.07: Summary
16.08: For Further Exploration
16.09: Collaborative Group Activities
16.10: Exercises
16.10.01: Review Questions
16.10.02: Thought Questions
16.10.03: Figuring for Yourself
17: Analyzing Starlight
17.01: Thinking Ahead
17.02: The Brightness of Stars
17.03: Colors of Stars
17.04: The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs)
17.05: Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius Composition and Motion
17.06: Key Terms
17.07: Summary
17.08: For Further Exploration
17.09: Collaborative Group Activities
17.10: Exercises
17.10.01: Review Questions
17.10.02: Thought Questions
17.10.03: Figuring for Yourself
18: The Stars - A Celestial Census
18.01: Thinking Ahead
18.02: A Stellar Census
18.03: Measuring Stellar Masses
18.04: Diameters of Stars
18.05: The H-R Diagram
18.06: Key Terms
18.07: Summary
18.08: For Further Exploration
18.09: Collaborative Group Activities
18.10: Exercises
18.10.01: Review Questions
18.10.02: Thought Questions
18.10.03: Figuring for Yourself
19: Celestial Distances
19.01: Thinking Ahead
19.02: Fundamental Units of Distance
19.03: Surveying the Stars
19.04: Variable Stars- One Key to Cosmic Distances
19.05: The H-R and Cosmic Distances
19.06: Key Terms
19.07: Summary
19.08: For Further Exploration
19.09: Collaborative Group Activities
19.10: Exercises
19.10.01: Review Questions
19.10.02: Thought Questions
19.10.03: Figuring for Yourself
20: Between the Stars - Gas and Dust in Space
20.01: Thinking Ahead
20.02: The Interstellar Medium
20.03: Interstellar Gas
20.04: Cosmic Dust
20.05: Cosmic Rays
20.06: The Life Cycle of Cosmic Material
20.07: Interstellar Matter around the Sun
20.08: Key Terms
20.09: Summary
20.10: For Further Exploration
20.11: Collaborative Group Activities
20.12: Exercises
20.12.01: Review Questions
20.12.02: Thought Questions
20.12.03: Figuring for Yourself
21: The Birth of Stars and the Discovery of Planets outside the Solar System
21.01: Thinking Ahead
21.02: Star Formation
21.03: The H-R and the Study of Stellar Evolution
21.04: Evidence That Planets Form around Other Stars
21.05: Planets beyond the Solar System- Search and Discovery
21.06: Exoplanets Everywhere - What we are Learning
21.07: New Perspectives on Planet Formation
21.08: Key Terms
21.09: Summary
21.10: For Further Exploration
21.11: Collaborative Group Activities
21.12: Exercises
21.12.01: Review Questions
21.12.02: Thought Questions
21.12.03: Figuring for Yourself
22: Stars from Adolescence to Old Age
22.01: Thinking Ahead
22.02: Evolution from the Main Sequence to Red Giants
22.03: Star Clusters
22.04: Checking Out the Theory
22.05: Further Evolution of Stars
22.06: The Evolution of More Massive Stars
22.07: Key Terms
22.08: Summary
22.09: For Further Exploration
22.10: Collaborative Group Activities
22.11: Exercises
22.11.01: Review Questions
22.11.02: Thought Questions
22.11.03: Figuring for Yourself
23: The Death of Stars
23.01: Thinking Ahead
23.02: The Death of Low-Mass Stars
23.03: Evolution of Massive Stars- An Explosive Finish
23.04: Supernova Observations
23.05: Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars
23.06: The Evolution of Binary Star Systems
23.07: The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
23.08: Key Terms
23.09: Summary
23.10: For Further Exploration
23.11: Collaborative Group Activities
23.12: Exercises
23.12.01: Review Questions
23.12.02: Thought Questions
23.12.03: Figuring for Yourself
24: Black Holes and Curved Spacetime
24.01: Thinking Ahead
24.02: Introducing General Relativity
24.03: Spacetime and Gravity
24.04: Tests of General Relativity
24.05: Time in General Relativity
24.06: Black Holes
24.07: Evidence for Black Holes
24.08: Gravitational Wave Astronomy
24.09: Key Terms
24.10: Summary
24.11: For Further Exploration
24.12: Collaborative Group Activities
24.13: Exercises
24.13.01: Review Questions
24.13.02: Thought Questions
24.13.03: Figuring for Yourself
25: The Milky Way Galaxy
25.01: Thinking Ahead
25.02: The Architecture of the Galaxy
25.03: Spiral Structure
25.04: The Mass of the Galaxy
25.05: The Center of the Galaxy
25.06: Stellar Populations in the Galaxy
25.07: The Formation of the Galaxy
25.08: Key Terms
25.09: Summary
25.10: For Further Exploration
25.11: Collaborative Group Activities
25.12: Exercises
25.12.01: Review Questions
25.12.02: Thought Questions
25.12.03: Figuring for Yourself
26: Galaxies
26.01: Thinking Ahead
26.02: The Discovery of Galaxies
26.03: Types of Galaxies
26.04: Properties of Galaxies
26.05: The Extragalactic Distance Scale
26.06: The Expanding Universe
26.07: Key Terms
26.08: Summary
26.09: For Further Exploration
26.10: Collaborative Group Activities
26.11: Exercises
26.11.01: Review Questions
26.11.02: Thought Questions
26.11.03: Figuring for Yourself
27: Active Galaxies Quasars and Supermassive Black Holes
27.01: Thinking Ahead
27.02: Quasars
27.03: Supermassive Black Holes- What Quasars really are
27.04: Quasars as Probes of Evolution in the Universe
27.05: Key Terms
27.06: Summary
27.07: For Further Exploration
27.08: Collaborative Group Activities
27.09: Exercises
27.9.01: Review Questions
27.9.02: Thought Questions
27.9.03: Figuring for Yourself
28: The Evolution and Distribution of Galaxies
28.01: Thinking Ahead
28.02: Observations of Distant Galaxies
28.03: Galaxy Mergers and Active Galactic Nuclei
28.04: The Distribution of Galaxies in Space
28.05: The Challenge of Dark Matter
28.06: The Formation and Evolution of Galaxies and Structure in the Universe
28.07: Key Terms
28.08: Summary
28.09: For Further Exploration
28.10: Collaborative Group Activities
28.11: Exercises
28.11.01: Review Questions
28.11.02: Thought Questions
28.11.03: Figuring for Yourself
29: The Big Bang
29.01: Thinking Ahead
29.02: The Age of the Universe
29.03: A Model of the Universe
29.04: The Beginning of the Universe
29.05: The Cosmic Microwave Background
29.06: What Is the Universe Really Made Of
29.07: The Inflationary Universe
29.08: The Anthropic Principle
29.09: Key Terms
29.10: Summary
29.11: For Further Exploration
29.12: Collaborative Group Activities
29.13: Exercises
29.13.01: Review Questions
29.13.02: Thought Questions
29.13.03: Figuring for Yourself
30: Life in the Universe
30.01: Thinking Ahead
30.02: The Cosmic Context for Life
30.03: Astrobiology
30.04: Searching for Life beyond Earth
30.05: The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
30.06: Key Terms
30.07: Summary
30.08: For Further Exploration
30.09: Collaborative Group Activities
30.10: Exercises
30.10.01: Review Questions
30.10.02: Thought Questions
30.10.03: Figuring for Yourself
31: Appendices
31.01: How to Study for an Introductory Astronomy Class (Appendix A)
31.02: Astronomy Websites Images and Apps (Appendix B)
31.03: Scientific Notation (Appendix C)
31.04: Units Used in Science (Appendix D)
31.05: Some Useful Constants for Astronomy (Appendix E)
31.06: Physical and Orbital Data for the Planets (Appendix F)
31.07: Selected Moons of the Planets (Appendix G)
31.08: Future Total Eclipses (Appendix H)
31.09: The Nearest Stars Brown Dwarfs and White Dwarfs (Appendix I)
31.10: The Brightest Twenty Stars (Appendix J)
31.11: The Chemical Elements (Appendix K)
31.12: The Constellations (Appendix L)
31.13: Star Chart and Sky Event Resources Index (Appendix M)