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Chemistry - The Central Science

This Textmap is designed for the two-semester general chemistry course and has been developed to meet the scope and sequence of most general chemistry courses. The organization follows the textbook "Chemistry: the Central Science" by Brown et al., but the content differs in detail.

General Chemistry Chemistry

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Nhà xuất bản: LibreTexts
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Giấy phép: CC BY-NC-SA
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

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Mục lục· 272 mục

01: Introduction - Matter and Measurement
1.01: Studying Chemistry
1.02: Classification of Matter
1.03: Properties of Matter
1.04: Units of Measurement
1.05: Uncertainty in Measurement
1.06: Dimensional Analysis
1.E: Matter and Measurement (Exercises)
1.S: Matter and Measurement (Summary)
02: Atoms Molecules and Ions
2.01: The Atomic Theory of Matter
2.02: The Discovery of Atomic Structure
2.03: The Modern View of Atomic Structure
2.04: Atomic Mass
2.05: The Periodic Table
2.06: Molecules and Molecular Compounds
2.07: Ions and Ionic Compounds
2.08: Naming Inorganic Compounds
2.09: Some Simple Organic Compounds
2.E: Atoms Molecules and Ions (Exercises)
2.S: Atoms Molecules and Ions (Summary)
03: Stoichiometry- Chemical Formulas and Equations
3.01: Chemical Equations
3.02: Some Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
3.03: Formula Masses
3.04: Avogadro's Number and the Mole
3.05: Empirical Formulas from Analysis
3.06: Quantitative Information from Balanced Equations
3.07: Limiting Reactants
3.E: Stoichiometry (Exercises)
3.S: Stoichiometry (Summary)
04: Reactions in Aqueous Solution
4.01: General Properties of Aqueous Solutions
4.02: Precipitation Reactions
4.03: Acid-Base Reactions
4.04: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
4.05: Concentration of Solutions
4.06: Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis
4.E: Reactions in Aqueous Solution (Exercises)
4.S: Reactions in Aqueous Solution (Summary)
05: Thermochemistry
5.01: The Nature of Energy
5.02: The First Law of Thermodynamics
5.03: Enthalpy
5.04: Enthalpy of Reaction
5.05: Calorimetry
5.06: Hess's Law
5.07: Enthalpies of Formation
5.08: Foods and Fuels
5.E: Thermochemistry (Exercises)
5.S: Thermochemistry (Summary)
06: Electronic Structure of Atoms
6.01: The Wave Nature of Light
6.02: Quantized Energy and Photons
6.03: Line Spectra and the Bohr Model
6.04: The Wave Behavior of Matter
6.05: Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals
6.06: 3D Representation of Orbitals
6.07: Many-Electron Atoms
6.08: Electron Configurations
6.09: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
6.E: Electronic Structure of Atoms (Exercises)
6.S: Electronic Structure of Atoms (Summary)
07: Periodic Properties of the Elements
7.01: Development of the Periodic Table
7.02: Shielding and Effective Nuclear Charge
7.03: Sizes of Atoms and Ions
7.04: Ionization Energy
7.05: Electron Affinities
7.06: Metals Nonmetals and Metalloids
7.07: Group Trends for the Active Metals
7.08: Group Trends for Selected Nonmetals
7.E: Periodic Properties of the Elements (Exercises)
7.S: Periodic Properties of the Elements (Summary)
08: Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding
8.01: Chemical Bonds Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule
8.02: Ionic Bonding
8.03: Covalent Bonding
8.04: Bond Polarity and Electronegativity
8.05: Drawing Lewis Structures
8.06: Resonance Structures
8.07: Exceptions to the Octet Rule
8.08: Strength of Covalent Bonds
8.E: Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding (Exercises)
8.S: Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding (Summary)
09: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
9.01: Molecular Shapes
9.02: The VSEPR Model
9.03: Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity
9.04: Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap
9.05: Hybrid Orbitals
9.06: Multiple Bonds
9.07: Molecular Orbitals
9.08: Second-Row Diatomic Molecules
9.E: Exercises
9.S: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories (Summary)
10: Gases
10.01: Characteristics of Gases
10.02: Pressure
10.03: The Gas Laws
10.04: The Ideal Gas Equation
10.05: Further Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equations
10.06: Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures
10.07: Kinetic-Molecular Theory
10.08: Molecular Effusion and Diffusion
10.09: Real Gases - Deviations from Ideal Behavior
10.E: Exercises
10.S: Gases (Summary)
11: Liquids and Intermolecular Forces
11.01: A Molecular Comparison of Gases Liquids and Solids
11.02: Intermolecular Forces
11.03: Some Properties of Liquids
11.04: Phase Changes
11.05: Vapor Pressure
11.06: Phase Diagrams
11.07: Structure of Solids
11.08: Bonding in Solids
11.E: Liquids and Intermolecular Forces (Exercises)
11.S: Liquids and Intermolecular Forces (Summary)
12: Solids and Modern Materials
12.01: Classes of Materials
12.02: Materials for Structure
12.2.01: Concrete
12.2.02: Steel
12.2.03: Aluminum
12.2.04: Polymers
12.03: Materials for Medicine
12.3.01: Anti-Cancer Drugs I
12.3.02: Anti-Cancer Drugs II
12.3.03: Antidepressants
12.3.04: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines
12.3.05: Drugs Acting Upon the Central Nervous System
12.3.06: Hallucinogenic Drugs
12.3.07: Local Anesthetics
12.3.08: Misc Antibiotics
12.3.09: Narcotic Analgesic Drugs
12.3.10: Penicillin
12.3.11: Sulfa Drugs
12.04: Materials for Electronics
12.4.01: Bonding in Electronic Materials
12.4.02: Silicon Devices
12.05: Materials for Optics
12.06: Materials for Nanotechnology
13: Properties of Solutions
13.01: The Solution Process
13.02: Saturated Solutions and Solubility
13.03: Factors Affecting Solubility
13.04: Ways of Expressing Concentration
13.05: Colligative Properties
13.06: Colloids
13.E: Properties of Solutions (Exercises)
13.S: Properties of Solutions (Summary)
14: Chemical Kinetics
14.01: Factors that Affect Reaction Rates
14.02: Reaction Rates
14.03: Concentration and Rates (Differential Rate Laws)
14.04: The Change of Concentration with Time (Integrated Rate Laws)
14.05: Temperature and Rate
14.06: Reaction Mechanisms
14.07: Catalysis
14.E: Exercises
14.S: Chemical Kinetics (Summary)
15: Chemical Equilibrium
15.01: The Concept of Equilibrium
15.02: The Equilibrium Constant
15.03: Interpreting and Working with Equilibrium Constants
15.04: Heterogeneous Equilibria
15.05: Calculating Equilibrium Constants
15.06: Applications of Equilibrium Constants
15.07: Le Chatelier's Principle
15.E: Exercises
15.S: Chemical Equilibrium (Summary)
16: AcidBase Equilibria
16.01: Acids and Bases - A Brief Review
16.02: BrnstedLowry Acids and Bases
16.03: The Autoionization of Water
16.04: The pH Scale
16.05: Strong Acids and Bases
16.06: Weak Acids
16.07: Weak Bases
16.08: Relationship Between Ka and Kb
16.09: Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions
16.10: Acid-Base Behavior and Chemical Structure
16.11: Lewis Acids and Bases
16.E: AcidBase Equilibria (Exercises)
16.S: AcidBase Equilibria (Summary)
17: Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria
17.01: The Common-Ion Effect
17.02: Buffered Solutions
17.03: Acid-Base Titrations
17.04: Solubility Equilibria
17.05: Factors that Affect Solubility
17.06: Precipitation and Separation of Ions
17.07: Qualitative Analysis for Metallic Elements
17.E: Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria (Exercises)
17.S: Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria (Summary)
18: Chemistry of the Environment
18.01: Earth's Atmosphere
18.02: Outer Regions of the Atmosphere
18.03: Ozone in the Upper Atmostphere
18.04: Chemistry of the Troposphere
18.05: The World Ocean
18.06: Fresh Water
18.07: Green Chemistry
18.E: Chemistry of the Environment (Exercises)
19: Chemical Thermodynamics
19.01: Spontaneous Processes
19.02: Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
19.03: The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy
19.04: Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions
19.05: Gibbs Free Energy
19.06: Free Energy and Temperature
19.07: Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant
19.E: Chemical Thermodynamics (Exercises)
20: Electrochemistry
20.01: Oxidation States and Redox Reactions
20.02: Balanced Oxidation-Reduction Equations
20.03: Voltaic Cells
20.04: Cell Potential Under Standard Conditions
20.05: Gibbs Energy and Redox Reactions
20.06: Cell Potential Under Nonstandard Conditions
20.07: Batteries and Fuel Cells
20.08: Corrosion
20.09: Electrolysis
20.E: Electrochemistry (Exercises)
21: Nuclear Chemistry
21.01: Radioactivity
21.02: Patterns of Nuclear Stability
21.03: Nuclear Transmutations
21.04: Rates of Radioactive Decay
21.05: Energy Changes in Nuclear Reactions
21.06: Nuclear Fission
21.07: Nuclear Fusion
21.08: Biological Effects of Radiation
21.E: Exercises
21.S: Nuclear Chemistry (Summary)
22: Chemistry of the Nonmetals
22.01: General Concepts- Periodic Trends and Reactions
22.02: Hydrogen
22.03: Group 18- Noble Gases
22.04: Group 17- The Halogens
22.05: Oxygen
22.06: The Other Group 16 Elements- S Se Te and Po
22.07: Nitrogen
22.08: The Other Group 15 Elements- P AS Sb and Bi
22.09: Carbon
22.10: The Other Group 14 Elements- Si Ge Sn and Pb
22.11: Boron
22.E: Chemistry of the Nonmetals (Exercises)
22.S: Chemistry of the Nonmetals (Summary)
23: Chemistry of Coordination Chemistry
23.01: Metal Complexes
23.02: Ligands with more than one Donor Atom
23.03: Nomenclature of Coordination Chemistry
23.04: Isomerization
23.05: Color and Magnetism
23.06: Crystal Field Theory
23.E: Chemistry of Coordination Chemistry (Exercises)
24: Chemistry of Life- Organic and Biological Chemistry
24.01: General Characteristics of Organic Molecules
24.02: Introduction to Hydrocarbons
24.03: Alkanes
24.04: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
24.05: Functional Groups
24.06: Compounds with a Carbonyl Group
24.07: Chirality in Organic Chemistry
24.08: Introduction to Biochemistry
24.09: Proteins
24.10: Carbohydrates
24.11: Nucleic Acids
24.E: Organic and Biological Chemistry (Exercises)
24.S: Organic and Biological Chemistry (Summary)