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Principles of Biology

The Principles of Biology sequence (BI 211, 212 and 213) introduces biology as a scientific discipline for students planning to major in biology and other science disciplines.

Introductory and General Biology Biology

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Nguồn: LibreTexts
Giấy phép: CC BY
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

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01: Chapter 1
01: The Process of Science
1.01: The Nature of Science
1.02: The Scientific Process
1.03: Presenting Data - Graphs and Tables
1.04: Writing for Science
1.05: Using Credible Sources
02: Chemistry for Biology
2.01: Atoms
2.02: Chemical Bonds
2.03: Water
2.04: Buffers pH Acids and Bases
2.05: Absolutely Necessary Chemistry Summary
03: Biological Molecules
3.01: Carbohydrates
3.02: Lipids
3.03: Proteins
3.04: Nucleic Acids
3.05: Biological Macromolecule Practice Questions
04: What is Life
4.01: What makes something living
4.02: Levels of Organization
4.03: The Diversity of Life
05: Cell Structure and Function
5.01: How Cells Are Studied
5.02: Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
5.03: The Plasma Membrane and The Cytoplasm
5.04: Ribosomes
5.05: The Cytoskeleton
5.06: Flagella and Cilia
5.07: The Endomembrane System
5.08: The Nucleus
5.09: The Endoplasmic Reticulum
5.10: The Golgi Apparatus
5.11: Vesicles and Vacuoles Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
5.12: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
5.13: The Cell Wall
5.14: Extracellular matrix and intercellular junctions
5.15: The Production of a Protein
5.16: Summary Table of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells and Functions
06: The Cell Membrane and Transport
6.01: The Plasma Membrane
6.02: Transport Across Membranes
6.03: Passive Transport - Diffusion
6.04: Passive Transport - Facilitated Transport
6.05: Passive Transport - Osmosis
6.06: Active Transport
07: Cell Communication
7.01: A Summary of Cell Communication
7.02: Types of Receptors
7.03: Types of signaling molecules
7.04: Propagation of the signal
7.05: Response to the signal
08: Enzyme-catalyzed reactions
8.01: Energy
8.02: Metabolic Pathways
8.03: Thermodynamics
8.04: Potential and Kinetic Energy
8.05: Free and Activation Energy
8.06: Enzymes
8.07: Feedback Inhibition in Metabolic Pathways
09: How cells obtain energy
9.01: Energy in Living Systems
9.02: From Mouth to Molecule - Digestion
9.03: Metabolism
9.04: An overview of Cellular Respiration
9.05: Aerobic Respiration Part 1 - Glycolysis
9.06: Aerobic Respiration Part 2 - Oxidation of Pyruvate and The Citric Acid Cycle
9.07: Aerobic Respiration Part 3 - Oxidative Phosphorylation
9.08: Metabolism without Oxygen - Fermentation
9.09: Metabolism of molecules other than glucose
9.10: Anaerobic Cellular Respiration in Prokaryotes
10: Photosynthesis
10.01: Putting photosynthesis into context
10.02: The structure of the chloroplast
10.03: Light and Pigments
10.04: The Light-Dependent Reactions
10.05: The Light Independent Reactions (aka the Calvin Cycle)
10.06: Photosynthesis in Prokaryotes
11: Cell Division - Binary Fission and Mitosis
11.01: How DNA is arranged in a cell
11.02: An Overview of DNA Replication
11.03: Prokaryotic Cell Division
11.04: The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
11.05: Control of the Cell Cycle
11.06: Cancer and the cell cycle
02: Chapter 2
12: DNA and Chromosome Structure
12.01: DNA Structure
12.02: DNA organization inside a cell
12.03: Homologous Chromosomes and Sexual Reproduction
13: DNA Replication
13.01: DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
13.02: DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
13.03: DNA Repair
14: Mutations
14.01: How do genes direct the production of proteins
14.02: How Gene Mutations Occur
14.03: Introduction to Genetic Disorders
14.04: Do all mutations affect health and development
14.05: Types of Mutations
14.06: Multifactorial Disorders and Genetic Predispositions
14.07: Changes in Numbers of Genes or Chromosomes
15: Protein Synthesis
15.01: The Genetic Code
15.02: Prokaryotic Transcription
15.03: Eukaryotic Transcription
15.04: Eukaryotic RNA Processing
15.05: Translation
15.06: Optional Section - Micropigs
16: Gene Regulation
16.01: Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Gene Expression
16.02: Eukaryotic epigenetic regulation
16.03: Eukaryotic Transcriptional Regulation
16.04: Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Regulation
16.05: Eukaryotic Translational and Post-Translational Regulation
16.06: Cancer and Gene Regulation
17: Meiosis - Sexual Reproduction
17.01: Overview of Meiosis
17.02: Meiosis I
17.03: Meiosis II
17.04: Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis
17.05: Errors in Meiosis
18: Patterns of Inheritance
18.01: Mendelian Genetics
18.02: Garden Pea Characteristics Revealed the Basics of Heredity
18.03: Phenotypes and Genotypes
18.04: Monohybrid Cross and the Punnett Square
18.05: Laws of Inheritance
18.06: Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance
18.07: Multiple Alleles
18.08: Sex-Linked Traits
18.09: Linked Genes Violate the Law of Independent Assortment
18.10: Epistasis
19: Genetics - Dog Coat Color
19.01: Introduction to Genetics
19.02: Pedigrees and Punnett Squares
19.03: Black fur color - a dominant trait
19.04: Yellow fur color - a recessive trait
19.05: Epistasis - the relationship between black brown and yellow fur
19.06: Brindle color - partial dominance and epistasis
19.07: Incomplete dominance - when traits blend
19.08: White spotting - when there's more than two alleles
19.09: Hemophilia - a sex-linked disorder
19.10: Overall phenotypes - putting it all together
19.11: KIT - embryonic lethality
19.12: It's not all in the genes - the effect of environment
19.13: Pleiotropy - one gene affects more than one trait
20: Biotechnology
20.01: DNA Isolation Gel Electrophoresis and PCR
20.02: Cloning
20.03: Genetic Engineering
20.04: Mapping Genomes
20.05: Applying Genomics
20.06: Proteomics
20.07: Whole Genome Sequencing
03: Chapter 3
21: Introduction to Evolution
21.01: Evidence of Evolution
21.02: Formation of New Species
21.03: Speciation
22: Evolution in Action
22.01: Population Evolution
22.02: Population Genetics
22.03: Adaptive Evolution
23: Evolutionary Relationships
23.01: Organizing Life on Earth
23.02: Determining Evolutionary Relationships
23.03: Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
24: Ecology and the Biosphere
24.01: The Scope of Ecology
24.02: Biogeography
24.03: Terrestrial Biomes
24.04: Aquatic Biomes
24.05: Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
25: Population and Community Ecology
25.01: Population Demography
25.02: Population Dynamics and Regulation
25.03: Life Histories and Natural Selection
25.04: Environmental Limits to Population Growth
25.05: Human Population Growth
25.06: Community Ecology
25.07: Behavioral Biology - Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
26: Ecosystems
26.01: Ecology of Ecosystems
26.02: Energy Flow through Ecosystems
26.03: Biogeochemical Cycles
27: Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
27.01: The Biodiversity Crisis
27.02: The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
27.03: Threats to Biodiversity
27.04: Preserving Biodiversity